Duration and extent of bilingual experience modulate neurocognitive outcomes

Downloads

Abutalebi, J., Della Rosa, P. A., Green, D. W., Hernández, M., Scifo, P., Keim, R., … Costa, A. (2012). Bilingualism Tunes the Anterior Cingulate Cortex for Conflict Monitoring. Cerebral Cortex, 22(9), 2076–2086. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhr287 Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 19(04), 689–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000225 Anderson, J. A. E., Chung-Fat-Yim, A., Bellana, B., Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2018). Language and cognitive control networks in bilinguals and monolinguals. Neuropsychologia, 117, 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.023 Anderson, J. A. E., Mak, L., Keyvani Chahi, A., & Bialystok, E. (2018). The language and social background questionnaire: Assessing degree of bilingualism in a diverse population. Behavior Research Methods, 50(1), 250–263. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-017-0867-9 Andersson, J. L. R., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2007). Non-linear registration aka Spatial normalisation FMRIB Technial Report TR07JA2. Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK, 22. Ansaldo, A. I., Ghazi-Saidi, L., & Adrover-Roig, D. (2015). Interference Control In Elderly Bilinguals: Appearances Can Be Misleading. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.990359 Antón, E., Duñabeitia, J. A., Estévez, A., Hernández, J. A., Castillo, A., Fuentes, L. J., … Carreiras, M. (2014). Is there a bilingual advantage in the ANT task? Evidence from children. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00398 Antoniou, M. (2019). The Advantages of Bilingualism Debate. Annual Review of Linguistics, 5(1), 395–415. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011820 Bak, T. H. (2016). Cooking pasta in La Paz. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 5(2016), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16002.bak Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67(1), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01 Bialystok, E. (2016). The signal and the noise: Finding the pattern in human behavior. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6(5), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.15040.bia Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143(3), 233–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000099 Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C. L., Chau, W., Ishii, R., Gunji, A., & Pantev, C. (2005). Effect of bilingualism on cognitive control in the Simon task: Evidence from MEG. NeuroImage, 24(1), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.09.044 Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Immature Frontal Lobe Contributions to Cognitive Control in Children. Neuron, 33(2), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00583-9 Calabria, M., Costa, A., Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2018). Neural basis of bilingual language control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1426(1), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13879 Chan, R. C. K., Shum, D., Toulopoulou, T., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2008). Assessment of executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of critical issues. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 23(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.08.010 Coderre, E. L., van Heuven, W. J. B., & Conklin, K. (2013). The timing and magnitude of Stroop interference and facilitation in monolinguals and bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16(02), 420–441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000405 Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: Implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283–1296. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.26.5.1283 Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t. Cognition, 113(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001 Costumero, V., Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Fuentes-Claramonte, P., & Ávila, C. (2015). How bilingualism shapes the functional architecture of the brain: A study on executive control in early bilinguals and monolinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 36(12), 5101–5112. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22996 De Baene, W., Duyck, W., Brass, M., & Carreiras, M. (2015). Brain Circuit for Cognitive Control Is Shared by Task and Language Switching. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 27(9), 1752–1765. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn DeLuca, V. F., Rothman, J., Bialystok, E., & Pliatsikas, C. (2019). Redefining bilingualism as a spectrum of experiences that differentially affects brain structure and function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(15), 7565–7574. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811513116 DeLuca, V. F., Rothman, J., & Pliatsikas, C. (2018). Linguistic immersion and structural effects on the bilingual brain: a longitudinal study. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000883 Donnelly, S., Brooks, P. J., & Homer, B. D. (2015). Examining the Bilingual Advantage on Conflict Resolution Tasks: A Meta-Analysis. 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 596–601. Draheim, C., Mashburn, C. A., Martin, J. D., & Engle, R. W. (2019). Reaction time in differential and developmental research: A review and commentary on the problems and alternatives. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 508–535. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000192 Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16(1), 143–149. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03203267 Filippi, R., Richardson, F. M., Dick, F., Leech, R., Green, D. W., Thomas, M. S. C., & Price, C. J. (2011). The Right Posterior Paravermis and the Control of Language Interference. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(29), 10732–10740. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1783-11.2011 Garbin, G., Sanjuán, A., Forn, C., Bustamante, J. C., Rodríguez-Pujadas, A., Belloch, V., … Ávila, C. (2010). Bridging language and attention: Brain basis of the impact of bilingualism on cognitive control. NeuroImage, 53(4), 1272–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.078 Geranpayeh, A. (2003). A quick review of the English Quick Placement Test. UCLES Research Notes, (12), 8–10. Grant, A., Dennis, N. A., & Li, P. (2014). Cognitive control, cognitive reserve, and memory in the aging bilingual brain. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01401 Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377 Grundy, J. G., Anderson, J. A. E., & Bialystok, E. (2017). Neural correlates of cognitive processing in monolinguals and bilinguals. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 183–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13333 Gullifer, J. W., Chai, X. J., Whitford, V., Pivneva, I., Baum, S., Klein, D., & Titone, D. (2018). Bilingual experience and resting-state brain connectivity: Impacts of L2 age of acquisition and social diversity of language use on control networks. Neuropsychologia, 117(May), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.037 Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2010). Shared and selective neural correlates of inhibition, facilitation, and shifting processes during executive control. NeuroImage, 51(1), 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.089 Hernandez, A. E., Claussenius-Kalman, H. L., Ronderos, J., Castilla-earls, A. P., Sun, L., Weiss, S. D., & Young, D. R. (2019). Neuroemergentism: A framework for studying cognition and the brain. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 49, 214–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2017.12.010 Hernandez, A. E., Claussenius-Kalman, H. L., Ronderos, J., & Vaughn, K. A. (2018). Symbiosis, Parasitism and Bilingual Cognitive Control: A Neuroemergentist Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02171 Hernandez, A. E., & Li, P. (2007). Age of acquisition: Its neural and computational mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 133(4), 638–650. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.4.638 Hernandez, A. E., Li, P., & MacWhinney, B. (2005). The emergence of competing modules in bilingualism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.003 Hernández, M., Costa, A., Fuentes, L. J., Vivas, A. B., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2010). The impact of bilingualism on the executive control and orienting networks of attention. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13(3), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990010 Hernández, M., Martin, C. D., Barceló, F., & Costa, A. (2013). Where is the bilingual advantage in task-switching? Journal of Memory and Language, 69(3), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2013.06.004 Jenkinson, M. (2003). Fast, automated, N-dimensional phase-unwrapping algorithm. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 49(1), 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10354 Jenkinson, M., Bannister, P. R., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2002). Improved Optimization for the Robust and Accurate Linear Registration and Motion Correction of Brain Images. NeuroImage, 17(2), 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(02)91132-8 Jenkinson, M., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Woolrich, M. W., & Smith, S. M. (2012). FSL. NeuroImage, 62(2), 782–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015 Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001). A global optimisation method for robust affine registration of brain images. Medical Image Analysis, 5(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-8415(01)00036-6 Kirk, N. W., Fiala, L., Scott-Brown, K. C., & Kempe, V. (2014). No evidence for reduced Simon cost in elderly bilinguals and bidialectals. Journal of Cognitive Psychology (Hove, England), 26(6), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2014.929580 Klein, R. M. (2014). Is there a benefit of bilingualism for executive functioning? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(01), 29–31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000613 Kray, J., & Lindenberger, U. (2000). Adult age differences in task switching. Psychology and Aging, 15(1), 126–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.15.1.126 Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P. B., & Christensen, R. H. B. (2017). lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software, 82(13). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13 Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394–425. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000142 Li, P., Legault, J., & Litcofsky, K. A. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001 Linck, J. A., Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Losing Access to the Native Language While Immersed in a Second Language Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Second- Language Learning. Psychological Science, 20(12), 1507–1515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02480.x.Losing Luk, G., Anderson, J. A. E., Craik, F. I. M., Grady, C. L., & Bialystok, E. (2010). Distinct neural correlates for two types of inhibition in bilinguals: Response inhibition versus interference suppression. Brain and Cognition, 74(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2010.09.004 Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 605–621. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.795574 Luo, D., Kwok, V. P. Y., Liu, Q., Li, W., Yang, Y., Zhou, K., … Tan, L. H. (2019). Microstructural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Brain and Language, 196, 104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104654 Nichols, E. S., & Joanisse, M. F. (2016). Functional activity and white matter microstructure reveal the independent effects of age of acquisition and proficiency on second-language learning. NeuroImage, 143, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.053 Paap, K. R., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66(2), 232–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002 Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., & Sawi, O. M. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2015.04.014 Pliatsikas, C., Johnstone, T., & Marinis, T. (2014). fMRI Evidence for the Involvement of the Procedural Memory System in Morphological Processing of a Second Language. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e97298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097298 R Core Team. (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Rossi, E., Newman, S., Kroll, J. F., & Diaz, M. T. (2018). Neural signatures of inhibitory control in bilingual spoken production. Cortex, 108, 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.009 Rothman, J., González Alonso, J., & Puig-Mayenco, E. (2019). Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/languages-linguistics/psycholinguistics-and-neurolinguistics/third-language-acquisition-and-linguistic-transfer-volume-163?format=HB Rubin, O., & Meiran, N. (2005). On the origins of the task mixing cost in the cuing task-switching paradigm. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 31(6), 1477–1491. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.31.6.1477 Seo, R., Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S. (2018). The bilingual language network: Differential involvement of anterior cingulate, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex in preparation, monitoring, and execution. NeuroImage, 174, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.010 Smith, S. M. (2002). Fast robust automated brain extraction. Human Brain Mapping, 17(3), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.10062 Smith, S. M., Jenkinson, M., Woolrich, M. W., Beckmann, C. F., Behrens, T. E. J., Johansen-Berg, H., … Matthews, P. M. (2004). Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage, 23(SUPPL. 1), S208–S219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051 Surrain, S., & Luk, G. (2017). Describing bilinguals: A systematic review of labels and descriptions used in the literature between 2005–2015. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000682 Valian, V. (2015). Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(01), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000522 Veroude, K., Norris, D. G., Shumskaya, E., Gullberg, M., & Indefrey, P. (2010). Functional connectivity between brain regions involved in learning words of a new language. Brain and Language, 113(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2009.12.005 Woolrich, M. W. (2008). Robust group analysis using outlier inference. NeuroImage, 41(2), 286–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.042 Woolrich, M. W., Behrens, T. E. J., Beckmann, C. F., Jenkinson, M., & Smith, S. M. (2004). Multilevel linear modelling for FMRI group analysis using Bayesian inference. NeuroImage, 21(4), 1732–1747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.023 Woolrich, M. W., Ripley, B. D., Brady, M., & Smith, S. M. (2001). Temporal autocorrelation in univariate linear modeling of FMRI data. NeuroImage, 14(6), 1370–1386. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.0931 Yamasaki, B. L., Stocco, A., & Prat, C. S. (2018). Relating individual differences in bilingual language experiences to executive attention. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 33(9), 1128–1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1448092 Zhou, B., & Krott, A. (2018). Bilingualism enhances attentional control in non-verbal conflict tasks – evidence from ex-Gaussian analyses. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21(01), 162–180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000869