Understanding ENSO diversity

Capotondi, A., Wittenberg, A. T., Newman, M., Di Lorenzo, E., Yu, J.-Y., Braconnot, P., Cole, J., Dewitte, B., Giese, B., Guilyardi, E. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2255-8625, Jin, F.-F., Karnauskas, K., Kirtman, B., Lee, T., Schneider, N., Xue, Y. and Yeh, S.-W. (2015) Understanding ENSO diversity. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96 (6). pp. 921-938. ISSN 1520-0477 doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00117.1

Abstract/Summary

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring mode of tropical Pacific variability, with global impacts on society and natural ecosystems. While it has long been known that El Niño events display a diverse range of amplitudes, triggers, spatial patterns, and life cycles, the realization that ENSO’s impacts can be highly sensitive to this event-to-event diversity is driving a renewed interest in the subject. This paper surveys our current state of knowledge of ENSO diversity, identifies key gaps in understanding, and outlines some promising future research directions.