Temperature- and Pressure-induced Proton Transfer in the 1:1 Adduct Formed between Squaric Acid and 4,4 '-Bipyridine

Martins, D. M. S., Middlemiss, D. S., Pulham, C. R., Wilson, C. C., Weller, M. T., Henry, P. F., Shankland, N., Shankland, K. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-0155, Marshall, W. G., Ibberson, R. M., Knight, K., Moggach, S., Brunelli, M. and Morrison, C. A. (2009) Temperature- and Pressure-induced Proton Transfer in the 1:1 Adduct Formed between Squaric Acid and 4,4 '-Bipyridine. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131 (11). pp. 3884-3893. ISSN 0002-7863 doi: 10.1021/ja8082973

Abstract/Summary

We have applied a combination of spectroscopic and diffraction methods to study the adduct formed between squaric acid and bypridine, which has been postulated to exhibit proton transfer associated with a single-crystal to single-crystal phase transition at ca. 450 K. A combination of X-ray single-crystal and very-high flux powder neutron diffraction data confirmed that a proton does transfer from the acid to the base in the high-temperature form. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrated that the transition was reversible but that a significant kinetic energy barrier must be overcome to revert to the original structure. Computational modeling is consistent with these results. Modeling also revealed that, while the proton transfer event would be strongly discouraged in the gas phase, it occurs in the solid state due to the increase in charge state of the molecular ions and their arrangement inside the lattice. The color change is attributed to a narrowing of the squaric acid to bipyridine charge-transfer energy gap. Finally, evidence for the possible existence of two further phases at high pressure is also presented.

Additional Information	Times Cited: 4
Item Type	Article
URI	https://reading-clone.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/1850
Item Type	Article
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Life Sciences > School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy > School of Pharmacy > Pharmaceutics Research Group
Uncontrolled Keywords	hybrid functional theory; x-ray-diffraction; molecular-crystals; hydrogen-bonds; band-gaps; refinement; dynamics; neutron; density; systems
Additional Information	Times Cited: 4
Publisher	American Chemical Society
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