[1] W. Marciano and H. Pagels, Phys. Rep. 36 (1978) 137.
[2] G. 't Hooft, Nucl. Phys. B72 (1974) 461.
[3] M. A. Shifman, A. I. Vainshtein and V. I. Zakharov, Nucl. Phys. B147 (1979) 385,
448, 519; J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Phys. Rep. 87 (1982) 77; L. J. Reinders,
H. Rubenstein and S. Yazaki, Phys. Rep. 127 (1986) 1.
[4] M. Creutz, Quarks, gluons and lattices, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1983).
[5] C. D. Roberts and A. G. Williams, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 33 (1994) 477.
[6] R. Delbourgo and M. D. Scadron, J. Phys. G5 (1979) 1621; P. Maris, C. D.
Roberts and P. C. Tandy, nucl-th/9707003 (1997).
[7] Y. Nambu and G. Jona-Lasinio, Phys. Rev. 122 (1961) 345; 124 (1961) 246.
[8] R. D. Bowler and M. C. Birse, Nucl. Phys. A582 (1995) 655.
[9] A. Bramon, A. Grau and G. Pancheri, Phys. Lett. B317 (1993) 190.
[10] S. I. Eidelman, Z. K. Silagadze and E. A. Kuraev, Phys. Lett. B346 (1995) 186.
[11] D. Prashar, Phys. Rev. D26 (1982) 1183.
[12] Particle Data Group, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 1.
209
References 210
[13] J. F. Donoghue, E. Golowich and B. R. Holstein, Dynamics of the standard model,
(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992).
[14] M. Gell-Mann and M. L evy, Nuovo Cim. 16 (1960) 705.
[15] H. Georgi, Weak interactions and modern particle theory, (Benjamin/Cummings,
California, 1984).
[16] M. Gell-Mann, R. Oakes and B. Renner, Phys. Rev. 175 (1968) 2195.
[17] V. de Alfaro, S. Fubini, G. Furlan and C. Rossetti, Currents in hadron physics,
(North Holland, Amsterdam, 1973).
[18] R. Machleidt, K. Holinde and Ch. Elster, Phys. Rep. 149 (1987) 1.q
[19] M. J. Iqbal, X. Jin and D. B. Leinweber, Phys. Lett. B367 (1996) 45; H. B.
O'Connell, B. C. Pearce, A. W. Thomas and A. G. Williams, hep-ph/9501251
(1995); T. Hatsuda, E. M. Henley, Th. Meissner and G. Krein, Phys. Rev. C49
(1994) 452; K. L. Mitchell, P. C. Tandy, C. D. Roberts and R. T. Cahill, Phys.
Lett. B335 (1994) 282; J. Piekarewicz and A. G. Williams, Phys. Rev. C47
(1993) R2462; L. C. L. Hollenberg, C. D. Roberts and B. H. J. McKellar, Phys.
Rev. C46 (1992) 2057.
[20] P. G. Blunden and M. J. Iqbal, Phys. Lett. B198 (1987) 14; S. A. Coon and R.
C. Barrett, Phys. Rev. C36 (1987) 2189.
[21] G. A. Miller, B. M. K. Nefkens and I. Slaus, Phys. Rep. 194 (1990) 1.
[22] R. Enomoto and M. Tanabashi, hep-ph/9706340 (1997).
[23] Y. Nambu, Phys. Rev. 106 (1957) 1366.
[24] J. L. Gammel and R. M. Thaler, Phys. Rev. 107 (1957) 291.
[25] G. Breit, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.) 46 (1960) 746.
References
References 211
[26] J. J. Sakurai, Ann. Phys. 11 (1960) 1.
[27] G. Breit, Phys. Rev. 120 (1960) 287; J. J. Sakurai, Phys. Rev. 119 (1960) 1784.
[28] W. R. Frazer and J. R. Fulco, Phys. Rev. 117 (1960) 1609.
[29] L. M. Barkov et al., Nucl. Phys. B256 (1985) 365; I. B. Vasserman et al., Sov. J.
Nucl. Phys. 33 (1981) 709; L. M. Barkov et al., Novosibirsk preprint INP 79{69
(1979); G. Cosme et al., ORSAY preprint LAL{1287 (1976); A. Quenzer et al.,
Phys. Lett. B76 (1978) 512; S. R. Amendolia et al., Phys. Lett. B138 (1984)
454.
[30] L. G. Landsberg, Phys. Rep. 128 (1985) 301.
[31] M. Gell-Mann, D. Sharp and W. G. Wagner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 (1962) 261; J.
W. Durso, Phys. Lett. B184 (1987) 348.
[32] D. W. G. S. Leith, Electromagnetic interactions of hadrons Volume 1 (ed. A.
Donnachie and G. Shaw, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1978).
[33] N. M. Kroll, T. D. Lee and B. Zumino, Phys. Rev. 157 (1967) 1376.
[34] M. Gell-Mann and F. Zachariasen, Phys. Rev. 124 (1961) 953.
[35] G. H�ohler and E. Pietarinen, Nucl. Phys. B95 (1975) 210; W. Grein, Nucl. Phys.
B131 (1977) 255.
[36] U. Vogl and W. Weise, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 27 (1991) 195; S. P. Klevansky,
Rev. Mod. Phys. 64 (1992) 649; T. Hatsuda and T. Kunihiro, Phys. Rep. 247
(1994) 221.
[37] J. Bijnens, Phys. Rep. 265 (1996) 369.
[38] V. A. Miransky, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A6 (1991) 1641.
[39] J. Bijnens, E. de Rafael and H. Zheng, Z. Phys. C62 (1994) 437.
References
References 212
[40] J. Bijnens and J. Prades, Phys. Lett. B320 (1994) 130; Z. Phys. C64 (1994) 475.
[41] T. Meissner, E. Ruiz Arriola and K. Goeke, Z. Phys. A336 (1990) 91.
[42] R. S. Willey, Phys. Rev. D48 (1993) 2877; T. Gherghetta, Phys. Rev. D50 (1994)
5985.
[43] E. Nikolov, W. Broniowski, C. V. Christov, G. Ripka and K. Goeke, Nucl. Phys.
A608 (1996) 411.
[44] V. Dmitra sinovi c, H.-J. Schulze, R. Tegen and R. H. Lemmer, Ann. Phys. 234
(1994) 225.
[45] E. Pallante, Z. Phys. C75 (1997) 305.
[46] C. Sch�uren, F. D�oring, E. Ruiz Arriola and K. Goeke, Nucl. Phys. A565 (1993)
687.
[47] R. Alkofer, H. Reinhardt, H. Weigel and U. Zuckert, Phys. Lett. B298 (1992) 132;
U. Zuckert, R. Alkofer, H. Reinhardt and H. Weigel, Nucl. Phys. A570 (1994)
445.
[48] E. Ruiz Arriola and L. L. Salcedo, Phys. Lett. B316 (1993) 148; Nucl. Phys.
A590 (1995) 703.
[49] I. J. R. Aitchison and G. Ripka, Nucl. Phys. A606 (1996) 292.
[50] R. Alkofer and P. A. Amundsen, Nucl. Phys. B306 (1988) 305; A. A. Bel'kov,
D. Ebert and A. V. Emelyaneko, Nucl. Phys. A552 (1993) 523; K. Langfeld, C.
Kettner and H. Reinhardt, Nucl. Phys. A608 (1996) 331; T. Hamazaki and T.
Kugo, Prog. Theor. Phys. 92 (1994) 645.
[51] D. I. Dyakonov and V. Yu. Petrov, Nucl. Phys. B245 (1984) 259; Sov. Phys.
JETP 62 (1985) 204, 431; Nucl. Phys. B272 (1986) 457.
[52] G. 't Hooft, Phys. Rev. Lett. 37 (1976) 8; Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 3432.
References
References 213
[53] M. A. Novak, J. J. M. Verbaarschat and I. Zahed, Phys. Lett. B228 (1989) 251.
[54] H. Ito, W. W. Buck and F. Gross, Phys. Lett. B248 (1990) 28.
[55] H. Ito, W. W. Buck and F. Gross, Phys. Rev. C43 (1991) 2483.
[56] H. Ito, W. W. Buck and F. Gross, Phys. Rev. C45 (1992) 1918.
[57] S. Schmidt, D. Blaschke and Y. L. Klavinovsky, Phys. Rev. C50 (1994) 435.
[58] G. V. E
mov and M. A. Ivanov, The Quark Con
nement Model of Hadrons (IOP,
Bristol and Philadelphia, 1993).
[59] G. V. E
mov and S. N. Nedelko, Phys. Rev. D51 (1995) 176; Ja. V. Burdanov,
G. V. E
mov, S. N. Nedelko and S. A. Solunin, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 4483.
[60] K. Lang
eld and M. Rho, Nucl. Phys. A596 (1996) 451.
[61] H. Reinhardt, Phys. Lett. B257 (1991) 375; K. Langfeld and M. Schaden, Phys.
Lett. B272 (1991) 100; K. Langfeld, R. Alkofer and H. Reinhardt, Phys. Lett.
B277 (1992) 163.
[62] P. T. Cahill and C. D. Roberts Phys. Rev. D32 (1985) 2419; J. Praschifka, C. D.
Roberts and R. T. Cahill, Phys. Rev. D36 (1987) 209.
[63] M. R. Frank and C. D. Roberts, Phys. Rev. C53 (1996) 390.
[64] M. Buballa and S. Krewald, Phys. Lett. B294 (1992) 19.
[65] V. Bernard and U.-G. Meissner, Nucl. Phys. A489 (1988) 647.
[66] M. Wakamatsu and W. Weise, Z. Phys. A331 (1988) 173; D. Ebert and H.
Reinhardt, Nucl. Phys. B271 (1986) 188; J. Bijnens, C. Bruno and E. de Rafael,
Nucl. Phys. B390 (1993) 501; E. Ruiz Arriola, Phys. Lett. B253 (1991) 430.
[67] J. Prades, Z. Phys. C63 (1994) 491.
References
References 214
[68] S. Klimt, M. Lutz, U. Vogl and W. Weise, Nucl. Phys. A516 (1990) 429, 469.
[69] V. Bernard, R. L. Ja
e and U.-G. Meissner, Nucl. Phys. B308 (1988) 753.
[70] M. Kobayashi and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 44 (1970) 1422; M. Kobayashi,
H. Kondo and T. Maskawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 45 (1971) 1955.
[71] J. W. Negele, hep/lat 9709129 (1997).
[72] G. C. Wick, Phys. Rev. 96 (1954) 1124.
[73] E. Witten, Nucl. Phys. B160 (1979) 57.
[74] C. J. Burden, C. D. Roberts and A. G. Williams, Phys. Lett. B285 (1992) 347.
[75] M. Stingl, Phys. Rev. D34 (1986) 3863; D36 (1987) 651 (E); U. H�abel, R.
K�onning, H.-G. Reusch, M. Stingl and S. Wigard, Z. Phys. A336 (1990) 435.
[76] C. Savkli and F. Tabakin, hep-ph/9702251 (1997).
[77] T. D. Lee and G. C. Wick, Nucl. Phys. B9 (1969) 209.
[78] R. E. Cutkosky, P. V. Landsho
, D. I. Olive and J. C. Polkinghorne, Nucl. Phys.
B12 (1969) 281.
[79] M. Bando, M. Harada and T. Kugo, Prog. Theor. Phys. 91 (1994) 927.
[80] J. A. Nelder and R. Mead, J. Comput. 7 (1965) 308.
[81] T. W. Sag and G. Szekeres, Math. Comput. 18 (1964) 245.
[82] W. Broniowski, G. Ripka, E. Nikolov and K. Goeke, Z. Phys. A354 (1996) 421.
[83] M. Goldberger and S. Treiman, Phys. Rev. 110 (1958) 1178, 1478.
[84] M. R. Frank, Phys. Rev. C51 (1995) 987.
References
References 215
[85] C. D. Roberts, Nucl. Phys. A605 (1996) 475; C. J. Burden, C. D. Roberts and
M. J. Thompson, Phys. Lett. B371 (1996) 163; P. C. Tandy, Prog. Part. Nucl.
Phys. 36 (1996) 97; R. Alkofer, A. Bender and C. D. Roberts, Int. J. Mod. Phys.
A10 (1995) 3319; C. D. Roberts, R. T. Cahill, M. E. Sevior and N. Iannella,
Phys. Rev. D49 (1994) 125.
[86] D. Kekez and D. Klabu car, Phys. Lett. B387 (1996) 14.
[87] M. R. Frank, K. L. Mitchell, C. D. Roberts and P. C. Tandy, Phys. Lett. B359
(1995) 17.
[88] J. Ball and T. Chiu, Phys. Rev. D22 (1980) 2542.
[89] K. L. Au, D. Morgan and M. Pennington, Phys. Rev. D35 (1987) 1633; D. Morgan
and M. R. Pennington, Phys. Rev. D48 (1993) 1185.
[90] S. Ishida, M. Y. Ishida, H. Takahashi, T. Ishida, K. Takamatsu and T. Tsuru,
Prog. Theor. Phys. 95 (1996) 745; B. S. Zou and D. V. Bugg, Phys. Rev. D50
(1994) 591; N. A. Tornqvist and M. Roos, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76 (1996) 1575; M.
Harada, F. Sannino and J. Schechter, Phys. Rev. D54 (1996) 1991.
[91] C. J. Burden, L. Qian, C. D. Roberts, P. C. Tandy and M. J. Thomson, Austr.
J. Phys. 50 (1997) 95.
[92] V. Bernard, A. H. Blin, B. Hiller, U.-G. Meissner and M. C. Ruivo, Phys. Lett.
B305 (1993) 163.
[93] A. Polleri, R. A. Broglia, P. M. Pizzochero and N. N. Scoccola, hep/ph 9611300
(1996).
[94] A. N. Ivanov, M. Nagy and M. K. Volkov, Phys. Lett. B200 (1988) 171.
[95] S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65 (1990) 1177.
[96] V. Bernard, A. A. Osipov and U.-G, Meissner, Phys. Lett. B292 (1992) 205.
References
References 216
[97] M. Bando, T. Kugo and K. Yamawaki, Nucl. Phys. B259 (1985) 493; M. Bando,
T. Fujiwara and K. Yamawaki, Prog. Theor. Phys. 79 (1988) 1140.
[98] H. Albrecht et al., Z. Phys. C58 (1993) 61.
[99] S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 507.
[100] M. Goldberger, D. Soper and A. Guth, Phys. Rev. D14 (1976) 1117.
[101] S. R. Amendolia et al., Nucl. Phys. B277 (1986) 168.
[102] C. N. Brown et al., Phys. Rev. D8 (1973) 92; C. J. Bebek et al., Phys. Rev. D9
(1974) 1229.
[103] V. Bernard and U.-G. Meissner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2296.
[104] C. Itzykson and J.-B. Zuber, Quantum
eld theory (McGraw-Hill 1980).
[105] H.-J. Behrend et al., Z. Phys. C49 (1991) 401.
[106] J. Gronberg et al., CLEO collaboration, preprint CLNS 97/1477 / CLEO 97-7
(1997).
[107] S. I. Eidelman, The DA NE Physics Handbook, eds. L. Maiani, G. Pancheri and
N. Paver (INFN, Frascati, 1995), p. 499.
[108] R. I. Dzhelyadin et al., Phys. Lett. B102 (1981) 296.
[109] M. Bando and M. Harada, Phys. Rev. D49 (1994) 6096; G. K�opp, Phys. Rev.
D10 (1974) 932.
[110] F. Klingl, N. Kaiser and W. Weise, hep/ph 9607431 (1996).
[111] M. Zielinski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984) 1195.
[112] E. Quack and S. P. Klevansky, Phys. Rev. C49 (1994) 3283.
References
References 217
[113] N.-W. Cao, C. M. Shakin and W.-D. Sun, Phys. Rev. C46 (1992) 2535; P. P.
Domitrovich, D. B�uckers and H. M�uther, Phys. Rev. C48 (1993) 413; P. Zhuang,
J. H�ufner and S. P. Klevansky, Nucl. Phys. A576 (1994) 525; P. Zhuang, J.
H�ufner, S. P. Klevansky and H. Voss, Ann. Phys. 234 (1994) 225; Y. B. He, J.
H�ufner, S. P. Klevansky and P. Rehberg, nucl-th 9712051 (1997).
[114] R. D. Bowler, PhD thesis, University of Manchester (1995).
[115] M. C. Birse, private communication.
[116] V. Elias, A. H. Fariborz, Fang Shi and T. G. Steele, hep-ph 9708466 (1997).
[117] M. Svec, hep-ph 9711376 (1997); J. A. Oller and E. Oset, hep-ph 9710554 (1997);
R. Kami nski, L. Le sniak and B. Loiseau, hep-ph 9712337 (1997).
[118] M. R. Pennington, hep-ph 9710456 (1997).
[119] M. Ishida, S. Ishida and T. Ishida, hep-ph 9802272 (1998).
[120] S. Ishida, hep-ph 9712229 (1997); K. Takamatsu, M. Ishida, S. Ishida, T. Ishida
and T. Tsuru, hep-ph 9712232 (1997).
[121] M. C. Birse, J. Phys. G20 (1994) 1537.
[122] S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. Lett. 18 (1967) 188.
[123] L. S. Brown, Phys. Rev. 163 (1967) 1802.
[124] B. W. Lee and H. T. Nieh, Phys. Rev. 166 (1968) 1507.
[125] S. Weinberg, Physica A96 (1979) 327.
[126] J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Ann. Phys. B158 (1984) 142.
[127] J. Gasser and H. Leutwyler, Nucl. Phys. B250 (1985) 465.
[128] H. W. Fearing and S. Scherer, Phys. Rev. D53 (1996) 315.
References
References 218
[129] S. Bellucci, J. Gasser and M. Sainio, Nucl. Phys. B423 (1994) 80; Nucl. Phys.
B431 (1994) 413 (E); M. Jetter, Nucl. Phys. B459 (1996) 283; J. Bijnens, G.
Colangelo, G. Ecker, J. Gasser and M. E. Sainio, hep-ph/9707291 (1997).
[130] J. Donoghue, C. Ramirez and G. Valencia, Phys. Rev. D39 (1989) 1947.
[131] G. Ecker, J. Gasser, A. Pich and E. de Rafael, Nucl. Phys. B321 (1989) 311.
[132] M. Bando, T. Kugo, S. Uehara, K. Yamawaki and T. Yangida, Phys. Rev. Lett.
54 (1985) 1215; M. Bando, T. Kugo and K. Yamawaki, Phys. Rep. 164 (1988)
217.
[133] S. Gasiorowicz and D. A. Ge
en, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41 (1969) 531.
[134] S. Coleman, J. Wess and B. Zumino, Phys. Rev. 177 (1969) 2239; C. G. Callan,
S. Coleman, J. Wess and B. Zumino, ibid 2247.
[135] S. Weinberg, Phys. Rev. 166 (1968) 1568.
[136] G. Ecker, H. Leutwyler, J. Gasser, A. Pich and E. de Rafael, Phys. Lett. B223
(1989) 425.
[137] U.-G. Meissner, Phys. Rep. 161 (1988) 213.
[138] M. C. Birse, Z. Phys. A355 (1996) 231.
[139] K. Yamawaki, Phys. Rev. D35 (1987) 412; J. Bijnens and E. Pallante, Mod.
Phys. Lett. A11 (1996) 1069.
[140] M. Bando, T. Kugo and K. Yamawaki, Prog. Theor. Phys. 73 (1985) 1541.
[141] T. Fujiwara, T. Kugo, H. Terao, S. Uehara and K. Yamawaki, Prog. Theor.
Phys. 73 (1985) 1541.
[142] J. Wess and B. Zumino, Phys. Lett. B37 (1971) 95.
[143] S. Furui, R. Kobayashi and K. Ujiie, Prog. Theor. Phys. 76 (1986) 963.
[144] K. Kawarabayashi and M. Suzuki, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966) 255; Riazuddin
and Fayyazuddin, Phys. Rev. 147 (1966) 1071.
[145] H. Gomm, �
O. Kaymakcalan and J. Schechter, Phys. Rev. D30 (1984) 2345.
[146] M. F. L. Gotterman and N. D. Hari Dass, Nucl. Phys. B272 (1986) 739.
[147] �
O. Kaymakcalan, S. Rajeev and J. Schechter, Phys. Rev. D30 (1984) 594.
[148] W. A. Bardeen, Phys. Rev. 184 (1969) 1848.
[149] Y. Brihaye, N. K. Pak and P. Rossi, Nucl. Phys. B254 (1985) 71; Phys. Lett.
B164 (1985) 111.
[150] E. A. Kuraev and Z. K. Silagadze, Phys. Lett. B292 (1992) 377.
[151] D. Kalafatis, Phys. Lett. B313 115; D. Kalafatis and M. C. Birse, Nucl. Phys.
A584 589.
[152] S. I. Dolinsky et al., Phys. Rep. 202 (1991) 99.
[153] G. Pancheri, Nuovo Cim. A107 (1994) 2149.
[154] L. M. Kurdadze et al., JETP Lett. 47 (1988) 512.
[155] V. M. Aulchenko et al., Novosibirsk preprint YAF 87-90 (1987).
[156] R. Kumar, Phys. Rev. 185 (1969) 1865.
References