Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination

● Abbott, R. J. (1992). Plant invasions, interspecific hybridization and the evolution of new plant taxa. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7, 401–405. ● Afik, O. & Shafir, S. (2007). Effect of ambient temperature on crop loading in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Entomologia Generalis 29, 135–148. ● Aizen, M. A., Morales, C. L. & Morales, J. M. (2008). Invasive mutualists erode native pollination webs. PLoS Biology 6, 396–403. ● Alarc´on, R., Waser, N. M. & Ollerton, J. (2008). Year-toyear variation in the topology of a plant-pollinator interaction network. Oikos 117, 1796–1807. ● Alsos, I. G., Eidesen, P.B., Ehrich, D., Skrede, I., Westergaard, K., Jacobsen, G. H., Landvik, J. Y., Taberlet, P. & Brochmann, C. (2007) Frequent long-distance plant colonization in the changing Arctic. Science 316, 1606–1609. ● Anderson, D. & East, I. J. (2008). The latest buzz about colony collapse disorder. Science 319, 724–725. ● Ashman, T. L., Knight, T. M., Steets, J. A., Amarasekare, P., Burd, M., Campbell, D. R., Dudash, M. R., Johnston, M. O., Mazer, S. J., Mitchell, R. J., Morgan, M. T. & Wilson, W. G. (2004). Pollen limitation of plant reproduction: Ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences. Ecology 85, 2408–2421. ● Badeck, F. W., Bondeau, A., Bottcher, K., Doktor, D., Lucht, W., Schaber, J. & Sitch, S. (2004). Responses of spring phenology to climate change. New Phytologist 162, 295–309. ● Baker, H. G. (1974). The evolution of weeds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5, 1–24. ● Balvanera, P., Kremen, C. & Martinez-Ramos, M. (2005). Applying community structure analysis to ecosystem function: Examples from pollination and carbon storage. Ecological Applications 15, 360–375. ● Barney, J. N., Whitlow, T. H. & DiTommaso, A. (2009). Evolution of an invasive phenotype: Shift to belowground dominance and enhanced competitive ability in the introduced range. Plant Ecology 202, 275–284. ● Bartomeus, I., Bosch, J. & Vil`a,M. (2008).High invasive pollen transfer, yet low deposition on native stigmas in a Carpobrotusinvaded community. Annals of Botany 102, 417–424. ● Bartomeus, N., Vil`a, M. & Santamar´ıa, L. (2008). Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-pollinator networks. Oecologia 155, 761–770. ● Beerling, D. J. & Perrins, J. M. (1993). Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Impatiens roylei Walp). Journal of Ecology 81, 367–382. ● Biesmeijer, J.C., Roberts, S.P.M., Reemer, M., Ohlem ¨uller, R., Edwards, M., Peeters, T., Schaffers, A. P.,Potts, S. G., Kleukers, R., Thomas, C. D., Settele, J. & Kunin, W. E. (2006). Parallel declines in pollinators and insectpollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313, 351–354. ● Bjerknes, A. L., Totland, O., Hegland, S. J. & Nielsen, A. (2007). Do alien plant invasions really affect pollination success in native plant species? Biological Conservation 138, 1–12. ● Bond, W. J. (1994). Do mutualisms matter-assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extinction. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 344, 83–90. ● Borrell, B. J. (2007). Scaling of nectar foraging in orchid bees. American Naturalist 169, 569–580. ● Bossdorf, O., Auge, H., Lafuma, L., Rogers, W.E., Siemann, E. & Prati, D. (2005). Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations. Oecologia 144, 1–11. ● Both, C., van Asch,M., Bijlsma, R.G., van den Burg, A. B.& Visser,M. E. (2009). Climate change and unequal phenological changes across four trophic levels: Constraints or adaptations? Journal of Animal Ecology 78, 73–83. ● Botham, M. S., Rothery, P., Hulme, P.E., Hill, M. O., Preston, C. D. & Roy, D. B. (2009). Do urban areas act as foci for the spread of alien plant species?: An assessment of temporal trends in the UK. Diversity and Distributions 15, 338–345. ● Broennimann, O., Thuiller, W., Hughes, G., Midgley, G. F., Alkemade, J. M. R. & Guisan, A. (2006). Do geographic distribution, niche property and life form explain plants’ vulnerability to global change? Global Change Biology 12, 1079–1093. ● Brooker, R. W. (2006). Plant-plant interactions and environmental change. New Phytologist 171, 271–284. ● Brown, B. J. & Mitchell, R. J. (2001). Competition for pollination: Effects of pollen of an invasive plant on seed set of a native congener. Oecologia 129, 43–49. ● Brown, B. J., Mitchell, R. J. & Graham, S. A. (2002). Competition for pollination between an invasive species (purple loosestrife) and a native congener. Ecology 83, 2328–2336. ● Burquez, A.&Corbet, S. A. (1991). Do flowers reabsorb nectar? Functional Ecology 5, 369–379. ● Campbell, D. R. (1985). Pollinator sharing and seed set of Stellaria pubera–competition for pollination. Ecology 66, 544–553. ● Celesti-Grapow, L., Di Marzio, P. & Blasi, C. (2003). Temporal niche separation of the alien flora of Rome. In Plant invasions: Ecological threats and management solutions (eds. L. Child, J. H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pyˇsek, M. Wade & M. Williamson), pp. 101–111. Leiden: Backhuys. ● Chittka, L. & Sch¨urkens, S. (2001). Successful invasion of a floral market - An exotic Asian plant has moved in on Europe’s river-banks by bribing pollinators. Nature 411, 653. ● Christensen, J. H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc, A., Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Kolli, R. K., Kwon, W. T., Laprise, R., Maga˜na Rueda, V., Mearns, L., Men´endez, C. G., R¨ais¨anen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A. & Whetton, P. (2007). Regional climate projections. In Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K. B. Averyt, M. Tignor & H. L. Miller), pp. 847–940. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. ● Comba, L., Corbet, S. A., Hunt, L. & Warren, B. (1999). Flowers, nectar and insect visits: Evaluating British plant species for pollinator-friendly gardens. Annals of Botany 83, 369–383. ● Corbet, S. A. (2000). Conserving compartments in pollination webs. Conservation Biology 14, 1229–1231. ● Cox-Foster, D., Conlan, S., Holmes, E. C., Palacios, G., Kalkstein, A., Evans, J. D., Moran, N. A., Quan, P. L., Geiser, D., Briese, T., Hornig, M., Hui, J., Vanengelsdorp, D., Pettis, J. S. & Lipkin, W. I. (2008). The latest buzz about colony collapse disorder. Response. Science 319, 725. ● Cox-Foster, D. L., Conlan, S., Holmes, E. C., Palacios, G., Evans, J.D., Moran, N. A., Quan, P. L., Briese, T., Hornig, M., Geiser, D. M., Martinson, V., Vanengelsdorp, D., Kalkstein, A. L., Drysdale, A., Hui, J., Zhai, J. H., Cui, L. W., Hutchison, S. K., Simons, J. F., Egholm, M., Pettis, J. S. & Lipkin, W. I. (2007). A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder. Science 318, 283–287. ● Daehler, C. C. & Carino, D. (2001). Hybridization between native and alien plants and its consequences. In Biotic homogenization (eds. J. L. Lockwood & M. McKinney), pp. 81–102. New York: Kluwer. ● Daehler, C. C. (2003). Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants: Implications for conservation and restoration. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34, 183–211. ● Dawson, W., Burslem, D. F. R. P. & Hulme, P. E. (2009). Factors explaining alien plant invasion success in a tropical ecosystem differ at each stage of invasion. Journal of Ecology 97, 657–665. ● Dick, C. W. (2001). Genetic rescue of remnant tropical trees by an alien pollinator. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 268, 2391–2396. ● Diniz, N.M., Soares, A. E. E., Sheppard, W. S. & Del Lama, M. A. (2003). Genetic structure of honeybee populations from southern Brazil and Uruguay. Genetics and Molecular Biology 26, 47–52. ● Dukes, J. S. &Mooney,H. A. (1999).Does global change increase the success of biological invaders? Trends in Ecology&Evolution 14, 135–139. ● Dupont, Y. L., Hansen, D. M., Valido, A. & Olesen, J. M. (2004). Impact of introduced honey bees on native pollination interactions of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) on Tenerife, Canary Islands. Biological Conservation 118, 301–311. ● Easterling, D. R., Meehl, G. A., Parmesan, C., Changnon, S. A., Karl, T. R. & Mearns, L. O. (2000). Climate extremes: Observations, modeling, and impacts. Science 289, 2068–2074. ● Eickwort,G. C. & Ginsberg,H. S. (1980). Foraging andmatingbehavior in Apoidea. Annual Review of Entomology 25, 421–446. ● Ellstrand, N. C. &Schierenbeck, K. A. (2000). Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97, 7043–7050. ● Elzinga, J. A., Atlan, A., Biere, A., Gigord, L., Weis, A. E. & Bernasconi, G. (2007). Time after time: Flowering phenology and biotic interactions. Trends in Ecology& Evolution 22, 432–439. ● Eyer, M., Chen, J. P., Sch¨afer, M.O., Pettis, J. & Neumann, P. (2009). Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, as a potential biological vector of honeybee viruses. Apidologie 40, 419–428. ● Fishman, L. & Wyatt, R. (1999). Pollinator-mediated competition, reproductive character displacement, and the evolution of selfing in Arenaria uniflora (Caryophyllaceae). Evolution 53, 1723–1733. ● Fitter, A. H. & Fitter, R. S. R. (2002). Rapid changes in flowering time in British plants. Science 296, 1689–1691. ● Fleming, T. H., Sahley, C. T., Holland, J. N., Nason, J.D.& Hamrick, J. L. (2001). Sonoran Desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems. Ecological Monographs 71, 511–530. ● Fontaine, C., Dajoz, I., Meriguet, J. & Loreau, M. (2006). Functional diversity of plant-pollinator interaction webs enhances the persistence of plant communities. PLoS Biology 4, 129–135. ● Fortuna, M. A. & Bascompte, J. (2006). Habitat loss and the structure of plant-animal mutualistic networks. Ecology Letters 9, 281–286. ● Galen,C.&Cuba, J. (2001).Down the tube: Pollinators, predators, and the evolution of flower shape in the alpine skypilot, Polemonium viscosum. Evolution 55, 1963–1971. ● Garc´ıa-Fern´andez, P., Rodriguez, R. B. & Orantesbermejo, F. J. (1995). Influence of Climate on the Evolution of the Population-Dynamics of the Varroa Mite on Honeybees in the South of Spain. Apidologie 26, 371–380. ● Gilliam,M., Lorenz, B. J.&Buchmann, S. L. (1994). Ascosphaera apis, the chalkbrood pathogen of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, from larvae of a carpenter bee, Xylocopa californica arizonensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 63, 307–309. ● Gillooly, J. F., Brown, J. H., West, G. B., Savage, V. M. & Charnov, E. L. (2001). Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science 293, 2248–2251. ● Golubov, J., Eguiarte, L. E., Mandujano, M. C., Lopez- Portillo, J. & Montana, C. (1999). Why be a honeyless honey mesquite? Reproduction and mating system of nectarful and nectarless individuals. American Journal of Botany 86, 955–963. ● Gordo, O. & Sanz, J. J. (2005). Phenology and climate change: A long-term study in a Mediterranean locality. Oecologia 146, 484–495. ● Goulson, D. (2003). Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 34, 1–26. ● Goulson, D. & Hanley, M. E. (2004). Distribution and forage use of exotic bumblebees in South Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 28, 225–232. ● Goulson, D. & Sparrow, K. (2009). Evidence for competition between honeybees and bumblebees; effects on bumblebee worker size. Journal of Insect Conservation 13, 177–181. ● Grabas, G. P. & Laverty, T. M. (1999). The effect of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L; Lythraceae) on the pollination and reproductive success of sympatric co-flowering wetland plants. Ecoscience 6, 230–242. ● Greenleaf, S. S.,Williams, N.M., Winfree, R. & Kremen, C. (2007). Bee foraging ranges and their relationship to body size. Oecologia 153, 589–596. ● Gross, C. L. (2001). The effect of introduced honeybees on native bee visitation and fruit-set in Dillwynia juniperina (Fabaceae) in a fragmented ecosystem. Biological Conservation 102, 89–95. ● Grotkopp, E., Rejm´anek, M. & Rost, T. L. (2002). Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: Seedling growth and life-history strategies of 29 pine (Pinus) species. American Naturalist 159, 396–419. ● Hansen, D. M., Olesen, J. M. & Jones, C. G. (2002). Trees, birds and bees in Mauritius: exploitative competition between introduced honey bees and endemic nectarivorous birds? Journal of Biogeography 29, 721–734. ● Hanspach, J., K¨uhn, I., Pyˇsek, P., Boos, E. & Klotz, S. (2008). Correlates of naturalization and occupancy of introduced ornamentals in Germany. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 10, 241–250. ● Harrington, R., Woiwod, I. & Sparks, T. (1999). Climate change and trophic interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, 146–150. ● Hawkins, B. A. (1995). Latitudinal body-size gradients for the bees of the Eastern United-States. Ecological Entomology 20, 195–198. ● Hawkins, B. A. & DeVries, P. J. (1996). Altitudinal gradients in the body sizes of Costa Rican butterflies. Acta Oecologica- International Journal of Ecology 17, 185–194. ● Hegland, S. J., Nielsen, A., L´azaro, A., Bjerknes, A. L. & Totland, O. (2009). How does climate warming affect plantpollinator interactions? Ecology Letters 12, 184–195. ● Heinrich, B. (1976). Resource partitioning among some eusocial insects-bumblebees. Ecology 57, 874–889. ● Hejda, M. & Pyˇsek, P. (2006). What is the impact of Impatiens glandulifera on species diversity of invaded riparian vegetation? Biological Conservation 132, 143–152. ● Herrera, J. (2005). Flower size variation in Rosmarinus officinalis: Individuals, populations and habitats. Annals of Botany 95, 431–437. ● Hobbs, R. J., Arico, S., Aronson, J., Baron, J. S., Bridgewater, P., Cramer, V. A., Epstein, P.R., Ewel, J. J., Klink, C. A., Lugo, A. E., Norton, D., Ojima, D., Richardson, D. M., Sanderson, E. W., Valladares, F., Vil`a, M., Zamora, R. & Zobel, M. (2006). Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 1–7. ● Holt, R. D. (1990). The microevolutionary consequences of climate change. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5, 311–315. ● Hooper, D. U., Chapin III, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Set¨al¨a, H., Symstad, A. J., Vandermeer, J. & Wardle, D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge. Ecological Monographs 75, 3–35. ● Hulme, P. E. (1996). Herbivory, plant regeneration, and species coexistence. Journal of Ecology 84, 609–615. ● Hulme, P. E. (2009). Relative roles of life-form, land use and climate in recent dynamics of alien plant distributions in the British Isles. Weed Research 49, 19–28. ● Hulme, P. E. & Bremner, E. T. (2006). Assessing the impact of Impatiens glandulifera on riparian habitats: partitioning diversity components following species removal. Journal of Applied Ecology 43, 43–50. ● Ib´a˜nez, I., Clark, J. S., Dietze, M. C., Feeley, K., Hersh, M., LaDeau, S., McBride, A., Welch, N. E. & Wolosin, M. S. (2006). Predicting biodiversity change: Outside the climate envelope, beyond the species-area curve. Ecology 87, 1896–1906. ● Johnson, S. D. & Steiner, K. E. (1997). Long-tongued fly pollination and evolution of floral spur length in the Disa draconis complex (Orchidaceae). Evolution 51, 45–53. ● Johnson, S. G., Delph, L. F. & Elderkin, C. L. (1995). The Effect of petal-size manipulation on pollen removal, seed set, and insect-visitor behavior in Campanula americana. Oecologia 102, 174–179. ● Jordano, P., Bascompte, J. & Olesen, J. M. (2003). Invariant properties in coevolutionary networks of plant-animal interactions. Ecology Letters 6, 69–81. ● Kato, M., Shibata, A., Yasui, T. & Nagamasu, H. (1999). Impact of introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera, upon native bee communities in the Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands. Researches on Population Ecology 41, 217–228. ● Kearns, C. A., Inouye, D. W. & Waser, N. M. (1998). Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29, 83–112. ● Kleijn, D. & Raemakers, I. (2008). A retrospective analysis of pollen host plant use by stable and declining bumble bee species. Ecology 89, 1811–1823. ● Klein, A.M., Vaissiere, B. E., Cane, J.H., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Cunningham, S. A., Kremen, C. & Tscharntke, T. (2007).Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 274, 303–313. ● Kolar, C. S. & Lodge, D.M. (2001). Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16, 199–204. ● Kotiaho, J. S., Kaitala, V., Komonen, A. & Paivinen, J. (2005). Predicting the risk of extinction from shared ecological characteristics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 1963–1967. ● Kraus, F. B., Franck, P. & Vandame, R. (2007). Asymmetric introgression of African genes in honeybee populations (Apis mellifera L.) in Central Mexico. Heredity 99, 233–240. ● Kremen, C. (2005).Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology? Ecology Letters 8, 468–479. ● Kudo, G. (1995). Ecological significance of flower heliotropism in the spring ephemeral Adonis ramosa (Ranunculaceae). Oikos 72, 14–20. ● Kudo, G. & Kasagi, T. (2005). Microscale variations in the mating system and heterospecific incompatibility mediated by pollination competition in alpine snowbed plants. Plant Species Biology 20, 93–103. ● K¨uhn, I., Brandenburg, M. & Klotz, S. (2004a). Why do alien plant species that reproduce in natural habitats occur more frequently? Diversity and Distributions 10, 417–425. ● K¨uhn, I., Brandl, R. & Klotz, S. (2004b). The flora of German cities is naturally species rich. Evolutionary Ecology Research 6, 749–764. ● K¨uhn, I., Sykes, M. T., Berry, P.M., Thuiller, W., Piper, J. M., Nigmann, U., Araujo, M. B., Balletto, E., Bonelli, S., Cabeza, M., Guisan, A., Hickler, T., Klotz, S., Metzger, M., Midgley, G., Musche, M., Olofsson, J., Paterson, J. S., Penev, L., Rickebusch, S., Rounsevell, M. D. A. R., Schweiger, O., Wilson, E. & Settele, J. (2008). MACIS: Minimisation of and adaptation to climate change impacts on biodiversity. Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 17, 393–395. ● K¨uster, E. C., Durka, W., K¨uhn, I. & Klotz, S. (2009). Differences in trait compositions of non-indigenous and native plants across Germany. Biological Invasions, online early, doi: 10.1007/s10530-009-9603-4. K¨uster, E. C., K¨uhn, I., Bruelheide, H. & Klotz, S. (2008). Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora. Journal of Ecology 96, 860–868. ● Lambdon, P.W., Lloret, F. & Hulme, P. E. (2008a). Do alien plants on Mediterranean islands tend to invade different niches from native species? Biological Invasions 10, 703–716. ● Lambdon, P.W., Pyˇsek, P., Basnou, C., Hejda, M., Arianoutsou, M., Essl, F., Jaroˇsik, V., Pergl, J., Winter, M., Anastasiu, P., Andriopoulos, P., Bazos, I., Brundu, G., Celesti-Grapow, L., Chassot, P., Delipetrou, P., Josefsson, M., Kark, S., Klotz, S., Kokkoris, Y., K¨uhn, I., Marchante, H., Perglov´a, I., Pino, J., Vil`a, M., Zikos, A., Roy, D. & Hulme, P. E. (2008b). Alien flora of Europe: Species diversity, temporal trends, geographical patterns and research needs. Preslia 80, 101–149. ● Landsberg, H. (1981). The urban climate, New York: Academic Press. Lavorel, S., McIntyre, S., Landsberg, J. & Forbes, T.D. A. (1997). Plant functional classifications: from general groups to specific groups based on response to disturbance. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 12, 474–478. ● Le Conte, Y. & Navajas, M. (2008). Climate change: impact on honey bee populations and diseases. Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties 27, 499–510. ● Lee, C. E. (2002). Evolutionary genetics of invasive species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17, 386–391. ● Lenoir, J., Gegout, J. C., Marquet, P.A., de Ruffray, P. & Brisse, H. (2008). A significant upward shift in plant species optimum elevation during the 20th century. Science 320, 1768–1771. ● Levine, J. M., Vil`a, M., D’Antonio, C. M., Dukes, J. S., Grigulis, K. & Lavorel, S. (2003). Mechanisms underlying the impacts of exotic plant invasions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270, 775–781. ● Lloret, F., M´edail, F., Brundu, G., Camarda, I., Moragues, E., Rita, J., Lambdon, P. & Hulme, P. E. (2005). Species attributes and invasion success by alien plants on Mediterranean islands. Journal of Ecology 93, 512–520. ● Lodge, D. M. (1993). Biological invasions - lessons for ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8, 133–137. ● Lopezaraiza-Mikel, M. E., Hayes, R. B., Whalley, M. R. & Memmott, J. (2007). The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach. Ecology Letters 10, 539–550. ● Love, R.&Feigen,M. (1978). Interspecific hybridization between native and naturalized Crataegus (Rosaceae) in western Oregon. Madrono 25, 211–217. ● Luzar, N. (2001). Flower heliotropism and floral heating of five alpine plant species and the effect on flower visiting in Ranunculus montanus in the Austrian Alps. Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research 33, 93–99. ● MacDougall, A. S. & Turkington, R. (2005). Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86, 42–55. ● Malo, J. E. & Baonza, J. (2002). Are there predictable clines in plant-pollinator interactions along altitudinal gradients? The example of Cytisus scoparius (L.) link in the Sierra de Guadarrama (Central Spain). Diversity and Distributions 8, 365–371. ● Mart´ın-Hern´andez, R., Meana, A., Garc´ıa-Palencia, P., Mar´ın, P., Bot´ıas, C., Garrido-Bail´on, E., Barrios, L. & Higes, M. (2009). Effect of temperature on the biotic potential of honeybee microsporidia. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, 2554–2557. ● Matsumura, C., Yokoyama, J. & Washitani, I. (2004). Invasion status and potential ecological impacts of an invasive alien bumblebee, Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) naturalized in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. Global Envirinmental Research 8, 51–66. ● Mayfield,M.M., Waser,N.M.&Price,M.V. (2001).Exploring the ‘most effective pollinator principle’ with complex flowers: Bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata. Annals of Botany 88, 591–596. ● Medan, D. (2003). Reproductive biology of the Andean shrub Discaria nana (Rhamnaceae). Plant Biology 5, 94–101. Medan, D. & Basilio, A. M. (2001). Reproductive biology of Colletia spinosissima (Rhamnaceae) in Argentina. Plant Systematics and Evolution 229, 79–89. ● Memmott, J., Craze, P.G., Waser, N. M. & Price, M. V. (2007). Global warming and the disruption of plant-pollinator interactions. Ecology Letters 10, 710–717. ● Memmott, J. & Waser, N. M. (2002). Integration of alien plants into a native flower-pollinator visitation web. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 269, 2395–2399. ● Memmott, J., Waser, N.M.&Price,M. V. (2004). Tolerance of pollination networks to species extinctions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 271, 2605–2611. ● Men´endez, R., Gonzalez-Megias, A., Collingham, Y., Fox, R., Roy, D. B. & Ohlem¨uller, R. (2007). Direct and indirect effects of climate and habitat factors on butterfly diversity. Ecology 88, 605–611. ● Men´endez, R., Gonzalez-Megias, A., Lewis, O. T., Shaw, M. R. & Thomas, C. D. (2008). Escape from natural enemies during climate-driven range expansion: a case study. Ecological Entomology 33, 413–421. ● Men´endez, R., Megias, A. G., Hill, J. K., Braschler, B., Willis, S. G., Collingham, Y., Fox, R., Roy, D. B. & Thomas, C. D. (2006). Species richness changes lag behind climate change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 273, 1465–1470. ● Menzel, A., Sparks, T. H., Estrella, N., Koch, E., Aasa, A., Ahas, R., Alm-Kubler, K., Bissolli, P., Braslavska, O., Briede, A., Chmielewski, F.M., Crepinsek, Z., Curnel, Y., Dahl, A., Defila, C., Donnelly, A., Filella, Y., Jatcza, K., Mage, F., Mestre, A., Nordli, O., Penuelas, J., Pirinen, P., Remisova, V., Scheifinger, H., Striz, M., Susnik, A., Van Vliet, A. J. H., Wielgolaski, F. E., Zach, S. & Zust, A. (2006). European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Global Change Biology 12, 1969–1976. ● Milbau, A. & Stout, J. C. (2008). Factors associated with alien plants transitioning from casual, to naturalized, to invasive. Conservation Biology 22, 308–317. ● Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Scenarios, Washington, DC: Island Press. Moeller, D. A. (2004). Facilitative interactions among plants via shared pollinators. Ecology 85, 3289–3301. ● Molina-Montenegro, M.A., Badano, E. I.&Cavieres, L. A. (2008). Positive interactions among plant species for pollinator service: assessing the ‘magnet species’ concept with invasive species. Oikos 117, 1833–1839. ● Morales, C. L. & Aizen, M. A. (2006). Invasive mutualisms and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions in the temperate forests of north-west Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Ecology 94, 171–180. ● Morales, C.L. & Traveset, A. (2009).Ameta-analysis of impacts of alien vs. native plants on pollinator visitation and reproductive success of co-flowering native plants. Ecology Letters 12, 716–728. ● Mu˜noz, A. A. & Cavieres, L. A. (2008). The presence of a showy invasive plant disrupts pollinator service and reproductive output in native alpine species only at high densities. Journal of Ecology 96, 459–467. ● Nielsen, A. & Ims, R. A. (2000). Bumble bee pollination of the sticky catchfly in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Ecoscience 7, 157–165. ● Nienhuis, C. M., Dietzsch, A. C. & Stout, J. C. (2009). The impacts of an invasive alien plant and its removal on native bees. Apidologie 40, 450–463. ● Niggemann, M., Jetzkowitz, J., Brunzel, S., Wichmann, M. C. & Bialozyt, R. (2009). Distribution patterns of plants explained by human movement behaviour. Ecological Modelling 220, 1339–1346. ● Nylin, S. (1988). Host plant specialization and seasonality in a polyphagous butterfly, Polygonia C-album (Nymphalidae). Oikos 53, 381–386. ● Ohlem¨uller, R., Gritti, E. S., Sykes, M. T. & Thomas, C. D. (2006). Towards European climate risk surfaces: the extent and distribution of analogous and non-analogous climates 1931–2100. Global Ecology and Biogeography 15, 395–405. ● Olesen, J. M., Bascompte, J., Elberling, H. & Jordano, P. (2008). Temporal dynamics in a pollination network. Ecology 89, 1573–1582. ● Olesen, J. M., Eskildsen, L. I. & Venkatasamy, S. (2002). Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists. Diversity and Distributions 8, 181–192. ● Paini, D. R., Williams, M. R. & Roberts, J. D. (2005). No short-term impact of honey bees on the reproductive success of an Australian native bee. Apidologie 36, 613–621. ● Palmer, T. M., Stanton, M. L. & Young, T. P. (2003). Competition and coexistence: Exploring mechanisms that restrict and maintain diversity within mutualist guilds. American Naturalist 162, S63–S79. ● Parker, I.M. (1997). Pollinator limitation of Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), an invasive exotic shrub. Ecology 78, 1457–1470. ● Parker, I. M. & Haubensak, K. A. (2002). Comparative pollinator limitation of two non-native shrubs: do mutualisms influence invasions? Oecologia 130, 250–258. ● Parmesan, C. (1996). Climate and species’ range. Nature 382, 765–766. ● Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics 37, 637–669. ● Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., Huntley, B., Kaila, L., Kullberg, J., Tammaru, T., Tennent, W. J., Thomas, J. A. & Warren, M. (1999). Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399, 579–583. ● Pereboom, J. J. M. & Biesmeijer, J. C. (2003). Thermal constraints for stingless bee foragers: the importance of body size and coloration. Oecologia 137, 42–50. ● Petanidou, T., Kallimanis, A. S., Tzanopoulos, J., Sgardelis, S. P. & Pantis, J. D. (2008). Long-term observation of a pollination network: fluctuation in species and interactions, relative invariance of network structure and implications for estimates of specialization. Ecology Letters 11, 564–575. ● Petanidou, T. & Potts, S. G. (2006). Mutual use of resources in Mediterranean plant–pollinator communities: how specialized are pollination webs? In Plant–pollinator interactions: from specialization to generalization (eds. N. M. Waser & J. Ollerton), pp. 220–244. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Petanidou, T. & Smets, E. (1996). Does temperature stress induce nectar secretion in Mediterranean plants? New Phytologist 133, 513–518. ● Pompe, S., Hanspach, J., Badeck, F., Klotz, S., Thuiller, W. & Kühn, I. (2008). Climate and land use change impacts on plant distributions in Germany. Biology Letters 4, 564–567. ● Potts, S.G., Vulliamy, B., Dafni,A., Ne’eman,G.&Willmer, P. (2003). Linking bees and flowers: How do floral communities structure pollinator communities? Ecology 84, 2628–2642. ● Pyšek, P. (1998). Alien and native species in Central European urban floras: a quantitative comparison. Journal of Biogeography 25, 155–163. ● Pyšek, P. & Richardson, D. M. (2007). Traits associated with invasiveness in alien plants: Where do we stand? In Biological invasions (ed. W. Nentwig), pp. 97–126. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. ● Pyšek, P., Richardson, D.M., Rejm´anek, M., Webster, G. L., Williamson, M. & Kirschner, J. (2004). Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. Taxon 53, 131–143. ● Pyšek, P., S´adlo, J., M´andak, B. & Jarosik, V. (2003). Czech alien flora and the historical pattern of its formation:What came first to Central Europe? Oecologia 135, 122–130. ● Richardson, D. M., Pyšek, P., Rejmánek, M., Barbour, M. G., Panetta, F. D. & West, C. J. (2000). Naturalization and invasion of alien plants: concepts and definitions. Diversity and Distributions 6, 93–107. ● Roques, A., Rabitsch, W., Rasplus, J. Y., Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Nentwig, W. & Kenis, M. (2009). Alien terrestrial invertebrates of Europe. In Handbook of alien species in Europe (ed. DAISIE), pp. 63–80. Drotrecht: Springer. ● Roubik, D. W. & Wolda, H. (2001). Do competing honey bees matter? Dynamics and abundance of native bees before and after honey bee invasion. Population Ecology 43, 53–62. ● Roy,D. B. & Sparks, T. H. (2000). Phenology of British butterflies and climate change. Global Change Biology 6, 407–416. ● Sala, O. E., Chapin, F. S., Armesto, J. J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E.,Huenneke, L. F., Jackson, R. B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D. M., Mooney, H. A., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N. L., Sykes, M. T., Walker, B. H., Walker, M. & Wall, D. H. (2000). Biodiversity–global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287, 1770–1774. ● Schweiger, O., Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Klotz, S. & K¨uhn, I. (2008). Climate change can cause spatial mismatch of trophically interacting species. Ecology 89, 3472–3479. ● Settele, J., Hammen, V., Hulme, P., Karlson, U., Klotz, S., Kotarac, M., Kunin, W., Marion, G., O’Connor, M., Petanidou, T., Peterson, K., Potts, S., Pritchard, H., Pyˇsek, P., Rounsevell, M., Spangenberg, J., Steffan- Dewenter, I., Sykes, M., Vighi, M., Zobel, M. & K¨uhn, I. (2005). ALARM: Assessing Large-scale environmental Risks for biodiversity with testedMethods. Gaia-Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society 14, 69–72. ● Settele, J., Kudrna, O., Harpke, A., K¨uhn, I., van Swaay, C., Verovnik, R., Warren, M., Wiemers, M., Hanspach, J., Hickler, T., K¨uhn, E., van Halder, I., Veling, K., Vleigenhart, A., Wynhoff, I. & Schweiger, O. (2008). Climatic risk atlas of European butterflies. BioRisk 1, 1–710. ● Sheppard, W. S., Rinderer, T. E., Mazzoli, J. A., Stelzer, J. A. & Shimanuki,H. (1991).Gene flow between African-derived and European-derived honey-bee populations in Argentina. Nature 349, 782–784. ● Skelly,D.K., Joseph, L.N., Possingham,H. P., Freidenburg, L. K., Farrugia, T. J., Kinnison, M. T. & Hendry, A. P. (2007). Evolutionary responses to climate change. Conservation Biology 21, 1353–1355. ● Smith, A. R., Weislo, W. T. & O’Donnell, S. (2003). Assured fitness returns favor sociality in a mass-provisioning sweat bee, Megalopta genalis (Hymenoptera : Halictidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, 14–21. ● Smith, R. I. L. (1996). Introduced plants in Antarctica: Potential impacts and conservation issues. Biological Conservation 76, 135–146. ● Sowig, P. (1989). Effects of flowering plants patch size on species composition of pollinator communities, foraging strategies, and resource partitioning in bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Oecologia 78, 550–558. ● Star´y, P. & Tkalc°u, B. (1998). Bumble bees (Hym., Bombidae) associated with the expansive touch-me-not, Impatiens glandulifera in wetland biocorridors. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 71, 85–87. ● Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Kuhn, A. (2003). Honeybee foraging in differentially structured landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 270, 569–575. ● Steffan-Dewenter, I., Potts, S. G. & Packer, L. (2005). Pollinator diversity and crop pollination services are at risk. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20, 651–652. ● Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2000). Resource overlap and possible competition between honey bees and wild bees in central Europe. Oecologia 122, 288–296. ● Steiner, K. E., Whitehead, V. B. & Johnson, S. D. (1994). Floral and Pollinator Divergence in 2 Sexually Deceptive South-African Orchids. American Journal of Botany 81, 185–194. ● Stevens, M. H. H. (2006). Placing local plant species richness in the context of environmental drivers of metacommunity richness. Journal of Ecology 94, 58–65. ● Stevens, M. I., Hogendoorn, K. & Schwarz, M. P. (2007). Evolution of sociality by natural selection on variances in reproductive fitness: evidence from a social bee. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7, 153. ● Stimec, J., ScottDupree, C. D. & McAndrews, J. H. (1997). Honey bee, Apis mellifera, pollen foraging in southern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 111, 454–456. ● Stout, J. C. (2007). Reproductive biology of the invasive exotic shrub, Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 155, 373–381. ● Stout, J. C., Kells, A. R. & Goulson, D. (2002). Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania. Biological Conservation 106, 425–434. ● Stout, J. C. & Morales, C. L. (2009). Ecological impacts of invasive alien species on bees. Apidologie 40, 388–409. ● Strauss, S. Y., Lau, J. A. & Carroll, S. P. (2006). Evolutionary responses of natives to introduced species: what do introductions tell us about natural communities? Ecology Letters 9, 354–371. ● Thomas, C. D., Bodsworth, E. J., Wilson, R. J., Simmons, A. D., Davies, Z. G., Musche, M. & Conradt, L. (2001). Ecological and evolutionary processes at expanding range margins. Nature 411, 577–581. ● Thompson, J. N. (1998). Rapid evolution as an ecological process. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13, 329–332. ● Thomson, D. (2004). Competitive interactions between the invasive European honey bee and native bumble bees. Ecology 85, 458–470. ● Thomson,D.M. (2006).Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus. Oikos 114, 407–418. ● Thuiller, W., Albert, C., Araujo, M. B., Berry, P.M., Cabeza, M., Guisan, A., Hickler, T., Midgely, G. F., Paterson, J., Schurr, F.M., Sykes, M. T. & Zimmermann, N. E. (2008). Predicting global change impacts on plant species’ distributions: Future challenges. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics 9, 137–152. ● Thuiller, W., Lavorel, S., Araujo, M. B., Sykes, M. T. & Prentice, I. C. (2005). Climate change threats to plant diversity in Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 8245–8250. ● Titze,A. (2000).The efficiency of insect pollination of the neophyte Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 20, 33–42. ● Tor¨ang, P., Ehrl´en, J. & Agren, J. (2008). Mutualists and antagonists mediate frequency-dependent selection on floral display. Ecology 89, 1564–1572. ● Traveset, A. & Richardson, D. M. (2006). Biological invasions as disruptors of plant reproductive mutualisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21, 208–216. ● Tscheulin, T., Petanidou, T., Potts, S. G. & Settele, J. (2009). The impact of Solanum elaeagnifolium, an invasive plant in the Mediterranean, on the flower visitation and seed set of the native co-flowering species Glaucium flavum. Plant Ecology 205, 77–85. ● Tylianakis, J. M., Didham, R. K., Bascompte, J. & Wardle, D. A. (2008).Global change and species interactions in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters 11, 1351–1363. ● van Asch,M., Tienderen, P. H., Holleman, L. J.M. & Visser, M. E. (2007). Predicting adaptation of phenology in response to climate change, an insect herbivore example. Global Change Biology 13, 1596–1604. ● van Kleunen, M., Manning, J. C., Pasqualetto, V. & Johnson, S. D. (2008). Phylogenetically independent associations between autonomous self-fertilization and plant invasiveness. American Naturalist 171, 195–201. ● Vaughton, G. (1996). Pollination disruption by European honeybees in the Australian bird-pollinated shrub Grevillea barklyana (Proteaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 200, 89–100. ● Vellend, M., Harmon, L. J., Lockwood, J. L., Mayfield, M. M., Hughes, A.R., Wares, J. P.&Sax, D. F. (2007). Effects of exotic species on evolutionary diversification. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22, 481–488. ● Vetaas, O. R. (2002). Realized and potential climate niches: A comparison of four Rhododendron tree species. Journal of Biogeography 29, 545–554. ● Vil`a, M., Bartomeus, I., Dietzsch, A. C., Petanidou, T., Steffan-Dewenter, I., Stout, J. C. & Tscheulin, T. (2009). Invasive plant integration into native plant–pollinator networks across Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 276, 3887–1674. ● Vilà, M., Basnou, C., Pyˇsek, P., Josefsson, M., Genovesi, P., Gollasch, S., Nentwig, W., Olenin, S., Roques, A., Roy, D., Hulme, P. E. & DAISIE partners. (2010). How well do we understand the impacts of alien species on ecosystem services? A pan-European cross-taxa assessment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment online early, doi: 10.1890/080083. ● Vilà, M., Corbin, D. J., Dukes, J. S., Pino, J. & Smith, S. D. (2006). Linking plant invasions to environmental change. In Terrestrial ecosystems in a changing world (eds. J. Canadell, D. Pataki & L. Pitelka), pp. 93–102. Berlin: Springer. ● Vilà, M., Weber, E. & D’Antonio, C. (2000). Conservation implications of invasion by plant hybridization. Biological Invasions 2, 207–217. ● Vilà, M. & Weiner, J. (2004). Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? Evidence from pair-wise experiments. Oikos 105, 229–238. ● Visser, M. E. & Both, C. (2005). Shifts in phenology due to global climate change: the need for a yardstick. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences 272, 2561–2569. ● Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. & Melillo, J. M. (1997). Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems. Science 277, 494–499. ● Vogel, S. (1983). Ecophysiology of zoophilic pollination. In Physiological plant ecology III, encyclopedia of plant physiology (eds. O. L. Lange, P. S. Nobel, C. B. Osmond & H. Ziegier), pp. 559–624. Berlin: Springer Verlag. ● Walker,N. F.,Hulme, P. E.&Hoelzel,A.R. (2009). Population genetics of an invasive riparian species, Impatiens glandulifera. Plant Ecology 203, 243–252. ● Walther, G. R. (2010). Community and ecosystem responses to recent climate change. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences , in press. Walther, G.R., Gritti, E. S., Berger, S., Hickler, T., Tang, Z. Y. & Sykes, M. T. (2007). Palms tracking climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography 16, 801–809. ● Walther, G. R., Roques, A., Hulme, P.E., Sykes, M. T., Pyˇsek, P., Kuhn, I., Zobel, M., Bacher, S., Botta- Duk´at, Z., Bugmann, H., Czucz, B., Dauber, J., Hickler, T., Jaroˇsik, V., Kenis, M., Klotz, S., Minchin, D., Moora, M., Nentwig,W., Ott, J., Panov, V. E., Reineking, B., Robinet, C., Semenchenko, V., Solarz, W., Thuiller, W., Vil´a, M., Vohland, K.&Settele, J. (2009). Alien species in a warmer world: risks and opportunities. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24, 686–693. ● Warren, M. S., Hill, J. K., Thomas, J. A., Asher, J., Fox, R., Huntley, B., Roy, D. B., Telfer, M. G., Jeffcoate, S., Harding, P., Jeffcoate, G., Willis, S. G., Greatorex- Davies, J. N., Moss, D. & Thomas, C. D. (2001). Rapid responses of British butterflies to opposing forces of climate and habitat change. Nature 414, 65–69. ● Watanabe,M. E. (2008).Colony collapse disorder: many suspects, no smoking gun. Bioscience 58, 384–388. ● Wcislo, W.T. & Cane, J. H. (1996). Floral resource utilization by solitary bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) and exploitation of their stored foods by natural enemies. Annual Review of Entomology 41, 257–286. ● Westphal, C., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2003). Mass flowering crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale. Ecology Letters 6, 961–965. ● Westphal, C., Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Tscharntke, T. (2006). Foraging trip duration of bumblebees in relation to landscape-wide resource availability. Ecological Entomology 31, 389–394. ● Williams, J. W. & Jackson, S. T. (2007). Novel climates, noanalog communities, and ecological surprises. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5, 475–482. ● Williams, J. W., Jackson, S. T. & Kutzbacht, J. E. (2007). Projected distributions of novel and disappearing climates by 2100 AD. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, 5738–5742. ● Williams, P.H., Ara´ujo, M. B. & Rasmont, P. (2007). Can vulnerability among British bumblebee (Bombus) species be explained by niche position and breadth? Biological Conservation 138, 493–505. ● Willis, S. G. & Hulme, P. E. (2002). Does temperature limit the invasion of Impatiens glandulifera and Heracleum mantegazzianum in the UK? Functional Ecology 16, 530–539. ● Willmer, P. G. (1988). The role of insect water-balance in pollination ecology-Xylocopa and Calotropis. Oecologia 76, 430–438. ● Willmer, P.G. & Corbet, S. A. (1981). Temporal and microclimatic partitioning of the floral resources of Justicia aurea amongst a concourse of pollen vectors and nectar robbers. Oecologia 51, 67–78. ● Wilson, R. J., Guti´errez, D., Guti´errez, J. & Monserrat, V. J. (2007). An elevational shift in butterfly species richness and composition accompanying recent climate change. Global Change Biology 13, 1873–1887. ● Woolhouse, M. E. J., Taylor, L. H. & Haydon, D. T. (2001). Population biology of multihost pathogens. Science 292, 1109–1112. ● Yurk, B. P. & Powell, J. A. (2009). Modeling the Evolution of Insect Phenology. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 71, 952–979.