Statistical properties of cloud lifecycles in cloud-resolving models

\begin{thebibliography}{} \bibitem[Arakawa and Schubert(1974)]{as}Arakawa, A. and Schubert, W. H.: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part I, J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701, 1974. \bibitem[Carvalho and Jones(2001)]{mascotte}Carvalho, L. M. V. and Jones, C.: A satellite method to identify structural properties of mesoscale convective systems based on the maximum spatial correlation tracking technique (MASCOTTE), J. Appl. Meteorol. 40, 1683-1701, 2001. \bibitem[{Cho(1977)}]{cho}Cho, H.-R.: Contributions of cumulus cloud life-cycle effects to the large-scale heat and moisture budget equations, J. Atmos. Sci. 34, 87-97, 1977. \bibitem[Cohen and Craig(2004)]{cohen04}Cohen, B. G. and Craig, G. C.: The response time of a convective cloud ensemble to a change in forcing, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 130, 933-944, 2004. \bibitem[Cohen and Craig(2006)]{cohen}Cohen, B. G. and Craig, G. C.: Fluctuations in an equilibrium convective ensemble. Part II: Numerical experiments, J. Atmos. Sci. 63, 2005-2015, 2006. \bibitem[Davies(2008)]{davies}Davies, L.: Self organisation of convection as a mechanism for memory, Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, UK, 165pp, 2008. \bibitem[Derbyshire et al.(1994)]{derbyshire}Derbyshire, S. H., Brown, A. R. and Lock, A. P.: The Meteorological Office Large-Eddy Simulation Model, Met O (APR) Turbulence and Diffusion Note No. 213, Met Office, UK, 1994. \bibitem[Dixon and Wiener(1993)]{dixon}Dixon, M. and Wiener, G.: TITAN: Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis and Nowcasting -- A radar-based methodology, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech. 10, 785-797, 1993. \bibitem[Done et al.(2004)]{done}Done, J., Davis, C. A. and Weisman, M.: The next generation of NWP: explicit forecasts of convection using the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, Atmos. Sci. Lett. 5, 110-117, 2004. \bibitem[Foote and Mohr(1979)]{foote}Foote, G. B. and Mohr, C. G.: Results of a randomized hail suppression experiment in northeast Colorado. Part VI: Post hoc stratification by storm intensity and type, J. Appl. Meteorol. 18, 1589-1600, 1979. \bibitem[Gray et al.(2001)]{ug}Gray, M. E. B., Petch, J., Derbyshire, S. H., Brown, A. R., Lock, A. P., Swann, H. A. and Brown, P. R. A.: Version 2.3 of the Met Office Large Eddy Model. Part II: Scientific documentation, Met O (APR) Turbulence and Diffusion Note No. 276, Met Office, UK, 2001. \bibitem[Hozumi et al.(1982)]{hozumi}Hozumi, K., Harimaya, T. and Magono, C.: The size distribution of cumulus clouds as a function of cloud amount, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan 60, 691-699, 1982. \bibitem[Kuo et al.(1993)]{kuo}Kuo, K.-S., Welch, R. M. and Weger, R. C.: The three-dimensional structure of cumulus clouds over the ocean. 1: Structural analysis, J. Geophys. Res. 98, 20865-20711, 1993. \bibitem[LeMone and Zipser(1980)]{lemone}LeMone, M. A and Zipser, E. J.: Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity and mass flux, J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2444-2457, 1980. \bibitem[Kain(2004)]{kain}Kain, J. S.: The Kain--Fritsch convective parameterization: An update, J. Appl. Meteorol. 43, 170-181, 2004. \bibitem[Khairoutdinov et al.(2005)]{superparam}Khairoutdinov, M., Randall, D. and DeMott, C.: Simulations of the atmospheric general circulation using a cloud-resolving model as a superparameterization of physical processes, J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 2136-2154, 2005. \bibitem[Lennard(2004)]{lennard}Lennard, R., The distribution of cumulus cloud sizes, MSc thesis, University of Reading, UK, 67pp, 2004. \bibitem[Machado and Laurent(2004)]{machado}Machado, L. A. T. and Laurent, H.: The convective system area expansion over Amazonia and its relationships with convective system life duration and high-level wind divergence, Mon. Wea. Rev. 132, 714-725, 2004. \bibitem[Petch et al.(2002)]{petch}Petch, J. C., Brown, A. R. and Gray, M. E. B.: The impact of horizontal resolution on the simulations of convective development over land, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 128, 2031-2044, 2002. \bibitem[Petch et al.(2007)]{petch07}Petch, J. C., Willett, M., Wong, R. Y. and Woolnough, S. J.: Modelling suppressed and active convection. Comparing a numerical weather prediction, cloud-resolving and single-column model, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 133, 1087-1100, 2007. \bibitem[Plank(1969)]{plank}Plank, V. G.: The size distribution of cumulus clouds in representative Florida populations, J. Appl. Meteorol. 8, 46-67, 1969. \bibitem[Plant and Craig(2008)]{plant}Plant, R. S. and Craig, G. C.: A stochastic parameterization for deep convection based on equilibrium statistics, J. Atmos. Sci. 65, 87-105, 2008. \bibitem[Roberts and Lean(2008)]{roberts}Roberts, N. M. and Lean, H. W.: Scale-selective verification of rainfall accumulations from high-resolution forecasts of convective events, Mon. Wea. Rev. 136, 78-97, 2008. \bibitem[Rogers and Yau(1989)]{rogers+yau}Rogers, R. R. and Yau, M. K.: A short course in cloud physics, 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn, MA, USA, 304pp, 1989. \bibitem[Siebesma and Cuijpers(1995)]{siebesma}Siebesma, A. P. and Cuijpers, J.: Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci. 52, 650-666, 1995. \bibitem[Siebesma et al.(2003)]{les_intercomparison}Siebesma, A. P., Bretherton, C. S., Brown, A., Chlond, A., Cuxart, J., Duynkerke, P. G., Jiang, H., Khairoutdinov, M., Lewellen, D., Moeng, C. H., Sanchez, E., Stevens, B. and Stevens, D. E.: A large eddy simulation intercomparison study of shallow cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 1201-1219, 2003. \bibitem[Swann(2001)]{swann}Swann, H.: Evaluation of the mass-flux approach to parametrizing deep convection, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 127, 1239-1260, 2001. \bibitem[Theusner and Hauf(2004)]{theusner}Theusner, M. and Hauf, T.: A study on the small scale precipitation structure over Germany using the radar network of the German Weather Service, Meteorol. Z. 13, 311-322, 2004. \bibitem[Weusthoff and Hauf(2008)]{weusthoff}Weusthoff, T. and Hauf, T.: The life cycle of convective-shower clouds under post-frontal conditions, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 134, 841-857, 2008. \bibitem[Xu and Randall(2001)]{xu}Xu, K.-M. and Randall, D. A.: Updraft and downdraft statistics of simulated tropical and midlatitude cumulus convection, J. Atmos. Sci. 58, 1630-1649, 2001. \bibitem[Yano et al.(2004)]{yano_massflux}Yano, J.-I., Guichard, F., Lafore, J.-P., Redelsperger, J.-L. and Bechtold, P.: Estimations of mass fluxes for cumulus parameterizations from high-resolution spatial data, J. Atmos. Sci. 61, 829-842, 2004. \bibitem[Zipser and LeMone(1980)]{zipser}Zipser, E. J. and LeMone, M. A: Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part II: Synthesis and model core structure, J. Atmos. Sci. 37, 2458-2469, 1980. \bibitem[Zhao and Austin(2005a)]{zhaoI}Zhao M. and Austin P. H.: Life cycle of numerically simulated shallow cumulus clouds. Part I: Transport, J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 1269-1290, 2005a. \bibitem[Zhao and Austin(2005b)]{zhaoII}Zhao M. and Austin P. H.: Life cycle of numerically simulated shallow cumulus clouds. Part II: Mixing dynamics, J. Atmos. Sci. 62, 1291-1310, 2005b. \end{thebibliography}