A kinematic analysis of extratropical cyclones, warm conveyor belts and atmospheric rivers

Dacre, H. F. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-9126 and Clark, P. A. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1001-9226 (2025) A kinematic analysis of extratropical cyclones, warm conveyor belts and atmospheric rivers. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 8. 97. ISSN 2397-3722 doi: 10.1038/s41612-025-00942-z

Abstract/Summary

Mid-latitude weather systems play a significant role in causing floods, wind damage, and related societal impacts. Advances in numerical modeling and observational methods have led to the development of numerous conceptual models in mid-latitude synoptic and dynamical research. As these models proliferate, integrating new insights into a cohesive understanding can be challenging. This paper uses a kinematic perspective to interpret mid-latitude research in a way that synthesises various concepts and create a schematic diagram of an atmospheric river lifecycle. Our analysis demonstrates that, despite varying methods, definitions, and terminology used to describe extratropical cyclones, warm conveyor belt airflows, and atmospheric rivers, the underlying mechanisms driving their formation and development are consistent. Thus, while studying these features independently is valuable, it is important to recognise that they are all part of a larger atmospheric flow pattern. We hope this kinematic approach will serve as a bridge to link research on these phenomena.

Item Type	Article
URI	https://reading-clone.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/121917
Identification Number/DOI	10.1038/s41612-025-00942-z
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Science > School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences > Department of Meteorology
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group
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