Taxonomic notes on Thrixspermum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae), with five new species from Thailand

Aung, Y.L., Mu, A.T., Aung, M.H., Liu, Q. & Jin, X. (2020) An annotated checklist of Myanmar orchid flora. PhytoKeys 138: 49–112. https://doi.org/10.3897/ Phytokeys.138.36144 Averyanov, L.V., Van Duy, N.O.N.G., Nguyen, K.S., Maisak, T.V., Phan, Q.T., Nguyen, P.T., Nguyen, T.T. & Truong, B.V. (2016) New species of orchids (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Vietnam. Taiwania 61 (4): 319–354. https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2016.61.319 Averyanov, L.V., Averyanova, A.L., Sinh, N.K., Orlov, N.L., Maisak, T.V. & Tien, N.H. (2018) New and rare orchid species (Orchidaceae) in the flora of Cambodia and Laos. Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Vascularium 49: 24–41. https://doi.org/10.31111/novitates/2018.49.24 Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A., de la Torre, J. & Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool. ZooKeys 150: 117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109 Barbhuiya, H.A., Verma, D., Dey, S. & Salunkhe, C.K. (2021) An Illustrated Guide to the Orchids of Assam. Balipara foundation, Assam, India, 806 pp. Barretto, G. Cribb, P. & Gale, S. (2011) The Wild Orchids of Hong Kong. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 697 pp. Baskauf, S.J. & Kirchoff, B.K. (2008) Digital plant images as specimens: toward standards for photographing living plants. Vulpia 7: 16–30. Beentje, H. (2016) The Kew Plant Glossary (2nd ed.). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 184 pp. Blume, C.L. (1825) Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 636 pp. Bose, T.K., Bhattacharjee, S.K., Das, P. & Basak, U.C. (1999) Orchids of India, Second Edition. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, India, 570 pp. Bridson, D.M. & Forman, L. (1992) Herbarium handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, 320 pp. Chase, M.W., Cameron, K.M., Freudenstein, J.V., Pridgeon, A.M., Salazar, G., Van den Berg, C. & Schuiteman, A. (2015) An updated classification of Orchidaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 117: 151–174. Chen, S.C., Liu, Z.J., Zhu, G.H., Lang, K.Y., Tsi, Z.H., Luo, Y.B., Jin, X.H., Cribb, P.J., Wood, J.J., Gale, S.W., Ormerod, P., Vermeulen, J.J., Wood, H.P., Clayton, D. & Bell, A. (2009) Orchidaceae. In: Wu, Z.Y., Raven, P.H. & Hong, D.Y. (eds.) Flora of China, vol. 25. Science Press, Beijing & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, 570 pp. Chowdhery, H.J. (1998) Orchid Flora of Arunachal Pradesh. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, India, 824 pp. Comber, J.B. (1990) Orchids of Java. The Bentham-Moxon Trust, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, 407 pp. Comber, J.B. (2001) Orchids of Sumatra. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, 1026 pp. Dalström, S., Gyeltshen, C. & Gyeltshen, N. (2017) A Century of New Orchid Records in Bhutan. The National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan, Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan, 210 pp. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan. (2000) Flora of Taiwan, vol.5 Angiosperms Monocotyledons (2nd ed.). Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 1143 pp. Gale, S., Kumar, P. & Phaxaysombath, T. (2018) A Guide to Orchids of Laos. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 203 pp. Gao, J. & Liu, Q. (2014) Orchids of Xishuangbanna; Diversity and Conservation. China Forestry Publishing, Beijing, 237 pp. Garay, L.A. (1972) On the systematics of the Monopodial Orchids 1. Botanical Museum Leaflets 23 (4): 149–297. Gogoi, K. & Yonzone, R. (2015) Thrixspermum formosanum (Hayata) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) from Karbi Anglong (Assam): A new record for India. The MIOS Journal 16 (1): 11–16. Gogoi, K. (2022) Thrixspermum patkaiensis sp. nov. (Vandae: Aeridinae) from Assam, Northeast India. Lankesteriana 22 (1): 9–16. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v22i1.50589 Gordon, G. (1840) Report on the new species of hardy trees and shrubs. Gardener’s Magazine and Register of Rural and Domestic Improvement, n. s., 6: 1–10. Govaerts, R., Bernet, P., Kratochvil, K., Gerlach, G., Carr, G., Alrich, P., Pridgeon, A.M., Pfahl, J., Campacci, M.A., Baptista, D.H., Tigges, H., Shaw, J., Cribb, P., George, A., Kreu[t]z, K. & Wood, J. (2022) World Checklist of Orchidaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved from: http://wcsp.science.kew.org (accessed 4 February 2022) Grant, B. (1895) The Orchids of Burma. Hanthawaddy Press, Rangoon, 424 pp. Griffith, W. & McClelland, J. (1854) Posthumous papers bequeathed to the honorable East India Company, and printed by order of the government of Bengal 6 (4): 1–764. Hayata, B. (1911) Materials for a Flora of Formosa. Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 30: 1–471. Holttum, R.E. (1947) New species of vascular plants from the Malay Peninsula. The Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore 11 (4): 267–298. Holttum, R.E. (1964) A Revised Flora of Malaya, volume I, Orchids of Malaya (3rd ed.). Government Printing Office, Singapore, 759 pp. Hooker, J.D. (1890) Flora of British India, Vol. VI, Orchidaceae to Cyperaceae. L. Reeve & Co., London, 792 pp. Huda, M.K. (2007) An updated enumeration of the family Orchidaceae from Bangladesh. Journal of Orchid Society of India 21 (1–2): 35–49. IUCN Standards and Petitions Committee. (2022) Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee, 116 pp. Retrieved from: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed 9 February 2022) Jin, X., Li, J. & Ye, D. (2019) Atlas of Native Orchids in China. Vol. 2. Henan Science and Technology Publishing House, China, 1257 pp. Joseph, J. & Vajravelu, E. (1981) Thrixspermum muscaeflorum var. nilagiricum Joseph & Vajravelu, a new variety from Nilgiri Hills, South India. Indian Forester 107 (10): 648–651. Kaliamoorthy, S. & Saravanan, T.S. (2019) Additions to the orchid flora of Peninsular India. Rheedea 29 (4): 319–322. https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2019.29.4.05 Kataki, S.K. (1986) Orchids of Meghalaya. Government of Meghalaya, Shillong, 258 pp. Khanal, M., Chettri, M., Kumar, D., Chhetri, P. & Rai, S.K. (2022) Thrixspermum formosanum (Hayata) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) – A new record for the state flora of Sikkim, India. Pleione 16 (3): 345–347. Kumar, V., Verma, D. & Rao, A.N. (2017) Thrixspermum indicum (Orchidaceae), a new species from Northeast India. Phytotaxa 292: 79–84. Kuntze, C.E.O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum, vol. 2. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, 637 pp. Lin, T.P. & Hsu, C.C. (1977) The genus Thrixspermum Lour. of Taiwan (Orchidaceae). Taiwania 22 (1): 59–72. Lin, W.M. & Wang, Y.F. (2014) The wild orchids of Taiwan an illustrated guide. KBCC press, Taiwan, 923 pp. Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum, vol. 1. Holmiae, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, 560 pp. Loureiro, J. (1790) Flora Cochinchinensis. Ulyssipone, 790 pp. Hegde, S.N. (1995) Thrixspermum muscaeflorum Rao & Joseph – a new record to Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany Additional Series No. 11: 121–124. Misra, S. (2019) Orchids of India; A Handbook. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, India, 652 pp. Müller Argoviensis, J. (1866) Baccaurea. In: De Candolle, A. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 15 (2): 456–466. O’Byrne, P., Ong, P.T. & Vermeulen, J.J. (2015) New and little-known species of Thrixspermum from Peninsular Malaysia and Sulawesi. Malesian Orchid Journal 15: 83–108. Ong, P.T. (2011) The pollination of Thrixspermum trichoglottis (Orchidaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Orchid Review 45: 95– 97. Ong, P.T., O’Byrne, P., Yong, W.S.Y. & Saw, L.G. (2011) Wild Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia. Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) & Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Malaysia, Kepong, Malaysia, 196 pp. Ormerod, P., Kurzweil, H. & Watthana, S. (2021) Annotated list of Orchidaceae for Myanmar. Phytotaxa 481 (1): 1–262. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.481.1.1 Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) (1999) Genera Orchidacearum Volume 1. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 197 pp. Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.W. & Rasmussen, F.N. (eds.) (2014) Genera Orchidacearum Volume 6. Epidendroideae (Part Three). Oxford University Press, Oxford, 544 pp. Reichenbach, H.G. (1862) Xenia Orchidacea, vol. 2. F.A. Brockhaus, Leipzig, 232 pp. Reichenbach, H.G. (1863) Orchides. Annales Botanices Systematicae 6: 167–933. Reichenbach, H.G. (1874) Enumeration of the orchids collected by the Rev. E. C. Parish in the neighbourhood of Moulmein, with descriptions of the new species. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd series: Botany 30 (1): 133–155. Rao, A.S. & Joseph, J. (1969) A new orchid species from K. & J. Hills, Assam – Thrixspermum muscaeflorum A.S.Rao & Joseph. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 11 (1–2): 123–125. Ridley, H.N. (1896) The Orchidaceae and Apostasiaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Linnean Society 32: 213–416. Ridley, H.N. (1905) New and little known Malayan Plants Series II. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 44: 189– 211. Schlechter, R. (1911) Die Gattung Thrixspermum Lour. Orchis 5: 54–58. Schlechter, R. (1911–1914) Die Orchidaceen von Deutsch-Neu-Guinea. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 1: 1–1079. Schlechter, R. (1919) Orchideologiae Sino-Japonicae Prodromus. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis, Beihefte 4: 1– 318. Schuiteman, A., Bonnet, P., Svengsuksa, B. & Barthélémy, D. (2008) An annotated checklist of the Orchidaceae of Laos. Nordic Journal of Botany 26 (5–6): 257–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2008.00265.x Seidenfaden, G. (1988) Orchid genera in Thailand XIV. Fifty-nine vandoid genera. Opera Botanica 95: 1–398. Seidenfaden, G. (1992) The Orchids of Indochina. Opera Botanica 114: 1–502. Seidenfaden, G. & Wood, J.J. (1992) The Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. Olsen & Olsen, Fredensborg. Shorthouse, D.P. (2010) SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. [https://www.simplemappr.net/] Singh, S.K., Agrawala, D.K., Jalal, J.S., Dash, S.S., Mao, A.A. & Singh, P. (2019) Orchids of India—A Pictorial Guide. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, 547 pp. Smith, J.J. (1905) Die Orchideen von Java. Flora von Buitenzorg 6: 1–672. Smith, J.J. (1917) Orchidaceae novae Malayenses VIII. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 2, 25: 1–103. Smith, J.J. (1920) Orchidaceae novae Malayenses IX. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, sér. 3, 2: 15–126. Smith, J.J. (1921) Die Orchideen von Java. Sechster Nachtrag. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de Buitenzorg sér. 3, 3: 227–333. Tang, T & Wang, F.T. (1951) Contributions to the knowledge of Eastern Asiatic Orchids 2. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 1: 24–102. Thiers, B. (2023 [continuously updated]) Index Herbariorum: A Global Directory of Public Herbaria and Associated Staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium. [http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/] Thwaites, G.H.K. (1858–1864) Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylaniae. Dulau & Co., London. Toolmal, N., Ong, P.T. & Schuiteman, A. (2022) Thrixspermum obyrneanum (Aeridinae), a new species from Peninsular Thailand and Malaysia. Lankesteriana 22 (2): 155–167. https://doi.org/10.15517/lank.v22i2.52253 Wood, J.J., Beaman, T.E., Lamb, A., Chew, C. & Beaman, J.H. (2011) The Orchids of Mount Kinabalu 2. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, 730 pp. Xu, Z., Jaing, H., Ye, D. & Liu, E. (2010) The Wild Orchids in Yunnan. Yunnan Publishing Group Cooperation, Yunnan Science & Technology Press, Beijing, 500 pp. Yam, T.W. (2013) Native orchids of Singapore: Diversity, Identification and Conservation. National Parks Board, Singapore.