Premature germination of resting spores as a means of Protecting brassica crops from Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., (clubroot)

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Dixon, G. R. and Michael, M. (2015) Premature germination of resting spores as a means of Protecting brassica crops from Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., (clubroot). Crop Protection, 77. pp. 27-30. ISSN 0261-2194 doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.07.013

Abstract/Summary

Premature germination of resting spores as a means of protecting brassica crops from Plasmodiphora brassicae Wor., (Clubroot). Crop Protection. Clubroot disease causes substantial yield and quality losses in broadacre oil seed and intensive vegetable brassica crops worldwide. The causal microbe Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor., perennates as soil-borne dormant resting spores. Their germination is triggered by exudates from host roots. A valuable addition to sustainable integrated control strategies could be developed by identifying and synthesising the molecules responsible for stimulating resting spore germination. This paper reports experiments in which stimulatory exudates were collected from brassica roots following exposure to infective stages of P. brassicae. Analyses identified a germination signalling molecule of circa 1 kDa formed of glucose sub-units. Mass spectral analyses showed this to be a complex hexasaccharide carbohydrate with structural similarities to the components of plant cell walls. This is the first report of a host generated hexasaccharide which is capable of stimulating the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae. The implications for environmentally benign control of clubroot are discussed briefly.

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Item Type	Article
URI	https://reading-clone.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/42165
Item Type	Article
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Life Sciences > School of Agriculture, Policy and Development > Department of Crop Science
Publisher	Elsevier
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Date Deposited:	04 Sep 2015 09:30	Date item deposited into CentAUR
Last Modified:	09 Jun 2024 08:32	Date item last modified

References

Aist, J. R. & Williams, P. H. 1971. The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Canad. J. Bot., 49: 2023-2034. Cancilla MT, Penn SG, Lebrilla CB. 1998. Alkaline degradation of oligosaccharides coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry: a method for sequencing oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem., 70:663-672. Craig, M. A. (1989). Resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae as affected by root exudates of hosts and non-hosts. B.Sc. Honours Horticulture Dissertation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 71pp. Dixon, G.R. 1976. Methods for testing seedling resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) used in Western Europe and U.S.A. Plant Pathol., 25, 129-134. Dixon, G. R. 2006. The biology of Plasmodiophora brassicae–a review of recent advances. Acta Hort., 706: 271-282. Dixon, G. R. 2009. The occurrence and economic impact of Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot disease. J. Plant Gr. Reg., 28: 194-202. Dixon, G. R. 2014. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)-an agricultural and biological challenge worldwide. Canad. J. Plant Pathol., 36, 5-18. Hata, S., Sumi, Y. & Ohi, M. 2002. Dry powder and extracts of Posidonia australis Hook. F., a species of seagrass, stimulate the germination of the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae and control clubroot of Chinese cabbage. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Scie., 71(2) : 197-202. Kiely, P. D., Hayes, J. M., Higgins, C. H., Franks, A., Mark, G. L., Morrissey, J. P. & O’Gara, F. 2006. Exploiting new systems based on strategies to elucidate plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere. Microb. Ecol., 51(3): 257-266. Macfarlane, I. 1970. Germination of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. (Mycol. Res.), 55: 97-112. Ohi, M., Kitamura, T. & Hata, S. 2003. Stimulation by cafeic acid, coumalic acid, and corilagin of the germination of resting spores of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae. Biosci., Biotechnol. Biochem., 67(1): 170-173. Rashid, A., Ahmed, H. U., Xiao, Q., Hwang, S. F. & Strelkov, S. E. 2013. Effects of root exudates and pH on Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spore germination and infection of canola (Brassica napus L.) root hairs. Crop Protect., 48, 16-23. Strelkov, S. E. & Dixon, G. R. 2014. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) on canola and other brassica species – disease development, epidemiology and management. Canad. J. Plant Pathol., 36, 1-4. Aist, J. R. & Williams, P. H. 1971. The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Canad. J. Bot., 49: 2023-2034. Cancilla MT, Penn SG, Lebrilla CB. 1998. Alkaline degradation of oligosaccharides coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry: a method for sequencing oligosaccharides. Anal. Chem., 70:663-672. Craig, M. A. (1989). Resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae as affected by root exudates of hosts and non-hosts. B.Sc. Honours Horticulture Dissertation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 71pp. Dixon, G.R. 1976. Methods for testing seedling resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) used in Western Europe and U.S.A. Plant Pathol., 25, 129-134. Dixon, G. R. 2006. The biology of Plasmodiophora brassicae–a review of recent advances. Acta Hort., 706: 271-282. Dixon, G. R. 2009. The occurrence and economic impact of Plasmodiophora brassicae and clubroot disease. J. Plant Gr. Reg., 28: 194-202. Dixon, G. R. 2014. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin)-an agricultural and biological challenge worldwide. Canad. J. Plant Pathol., 36, 5-18. Hata, S., Sumi, Y. & Ohi, M. 2002. Dry powder and extracts of Posidonia australis Hook. F., a species of seagrass, stimulate the germination of the pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae and control clubroot of Chinese cabbage. J. Jpn. Soc. Hort. Scie., 71(2) : 197-202. Kiely, P. D., Hayes, J. M., Higgins, C. H., Franks, A., Mark, G. L., Morrissey, J. P. & O’Gara, F. 2006. Exploiting new systems based on strategies to elucidate plant-bacterial interactions in the rhizosphere. Microb. Ecol., 51(3): 257-266. Macfarlane, I. 1970. Germination of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. (Mycol. Res.), 55: 97-112. Ohi, M., Kitamura, T. & Hata, S. 2003. Stimulation by cafeic acid, coumalic acid, and corilagin of the germination of resting spores of the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae. Biosci., Biotechnol. Biochem., 67(1): 170-173. Rashid, A., Ahmed, H. U., Xiao, Q., Hwang, S. F. & Strelkov, S. E. 2013. Effects of root exudates and pH on Plasmodiophora brassicae resting spore germination and infection of canola (Brassica napus L.) root hairs. Crop Protect., 48, 16-23. Strelkov, S. E. & Dixon, G. R. 2014. Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) on canola and other brassica species – disease development, epidemiology and management. Canad. J. Plant Pathol., 36, 1-4.

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