Validation of Canopy Height Profile methodology for small-footprint full-waveform airborne LiDAR data in a discontinuous canopy environment

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Fieber, K. D., Davenport, I. J., Tanase, M. A., Ferryman, J. M., Gurney, R. J., Becerra, V. M., Walker, J. P. and Hackerf, J. M. (2015) Validation of Canopy Height Profile methodology for small-footprint full-waveform airborne LiDAR data in a discontinuous canopy environment. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 104. pp. 144-157. ISSN 0924-2716 doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.03.001

Abstract/Summary

A Canopy Height Profile (CHP) procedure presented in Harding et al. (2001) for large footprint LiDAR data was tested in a closed canopy environment as a way of extracting vertical foliage profiles from LiDAR raw-waveform. In this study, an adaptation of this method to small-footprint data has been shown, tested and validated in an Australian sparse canopy forest at plot- and site-level. Further, the methodology itself has been enhanced by implementing a dataset-adjusted reflectance ratio calculation according to Armston et al. (2013) in the processing chain, and tested against a fixed ratio of 0.5 estimated for the laser wavelength of 1550nm. As a by-product of the methodology, effective leaf area index (LAIe) estimates were derived and compared to hemispherical photography-derived values. To assess the influence of LiDAR aggregation area size on the estimates in a sparse canopy environment, LiDAR CHPs and LAIes were generated by aggregating waveforms to plot- and site-level footprints (plot/site-aggregated) as well as in 5m grids (grid-processed). LiDAR profiles were then compared to leaf biomass field profiles generated based on field tree measurements. The correlation between field and LiDAR profiles was very high, with a mean R2 of 0.75 at plot-level and 0.86 at site-level for 55 plots and the corresponding 11 sites. Gridding had almost no impact on the correlation between LiDAR and field profiles (only marginally improvement), nor did the dataset-adjusted reflectance ratio. However, gridding and the dataset-adjusted reflectance ratio were found to improve the correlation between raw-waveform LiDAR and hemispherical photography LAIe estimates, yielding the highest correlations of 0.61 at plot-level and of 0.83 at site-level. This proved the validity of the approach and superiority of dataset-adjusted reflectance ratio of Armston et al. (2013) over a fixed ratio of 0.5 for LAIe estimation, as well as showed the adequacy of small-footprint LiDAR data for LAIe estimation in discontinuous canopy forests.

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Item Type	Article
URI	https://reading-clone.eprints-hosting.org/id/eprint/39690
Item Type	Article
Refereed	Yes
Divisions	Science > School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences > Department of Computer Science
Uncontrolled Keywords	full-waveform; LiDAR; small-footprint; canopy height profile (CHP); effective leaf area index (LAIe); discontinuous canopy cover
Publisher	Elsevier
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Date Deposited:	24 Mar 2015 15:22	Date item deposited into CentAUR
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References

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Armston, J., Disney, M., Lewis, P., Scarth, P., Phinn, S., Lucas, R., Bunting, P. & Goodwin, N., 2013. Direct retrieval of canopy gap probability using airborne waveform lidar. Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (0), 24-38. Black, T. A., Chen, J.-M., Lee, X. & Sagar, R. M., 1991. Characteristics of shortwave and longwave irradiances under a Douglas-fir forest stand. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21 (7), 1020-1028. Breda, N. J. J., 2003. Ground-based measurements of leaf area index: a review of methods, instruments and current controversies. Journal of Experimental Botany 54 (392), 2403-2417. Burrows, W. H., Hoffman, M. B., Compton, J. F. & Back, P. V., 2001. "Allometric relationships and community biomass stocks in White Cypress Pine (Callitris glaucophylla) and associated eucalpyts of the Carnarvon area, central Queensland", National Carbon Accounting System Technical Report No. 33. The Australian Greenhouse Office. 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Sensitivity of direct canopy gap fraction retrieval from airborne waveform lidar to topography and survey characteristics. Remote Sensing of Environment 143 (0), 15-25. Fieber, K. D., Davenport, I. J., Ferryman, J. M., Gurney, R. J., Walker, J. P. & Hacker, J. M., 2013a. Analysis of full-waveform LiDAR data for classification of an orange orchard scene. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 82 (0), 63-82. Fieber, K. D., Davenport, I. J., Tanase, M. A., Ferryman, J. M., Gurney, R. J., Walker, J. P. & Hacker, J. M., 2013b. Preliminary leaf area index estimates from airborne small footprint full-waveform LiDAR data.pp. 3379-3382. Fieber, K. D., Davenport, I. J., Tanase, M. A., Ferryman, J. M., Gurney, R. J., Walker, J. P. & Hacker, J. M., 2014. Effective LAI and CHP of a Single Tree from Small-Footprint Full-Waveform LiDAR. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 11 (9), 1-5. Hamilton, S. D., Brodie, G. & O'dwyer, C., 2005. Allometric relationships for estimating biomass in grey box (Eucalyptus microcarpa). Australian Forestry 68 (4), 267-273. Harding, D. J., Lefsky, M. A., Parker, G. G. & Blair, J. B., 2001. Laser altimeter canopy height profiles: methods and validation for closed-canopy, broadleaf forests. Remote Sensing of Environment 76 (3), 283-297. Hopkinson, C., Lovell, J., Chasmer, L., Jupp, D., Kljun, N. & Van Gorsel, E., 2013. Integrating terrestrial and airborne lidar to calibrate a 3D canopy model of effective leaf area index. Remote Sensing of Environment 136 (0), 301-314. Hosoi, F., Nakai, Y. & Omasa, K., 2010. Estimation and Error Analysis of Woody Canopy Leaf Area Density Profiles Using 3-D Airborne and Ground-Based Scanning Lidar Remote-Sensing Techniques. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 48 (5), 2215-2223. Jensen, J. L. R., Humes, K. S., Vierling, L. A. & Hudak, A. T., 2008. Discrete return lidar-based prediction of leaf area index in two conifer forests. 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