Cle´ment, R. (1980) Ethnicity, contact and communicative competence in a second
language. In H. Giles, W. Robinson and P. Smith (eds) Language: Social Psychological
Perspectives (pp. 147154). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Cle´ment, R., Do¨rnyei, Z. and Noels, K. (1994) Motivation, self-confidence, and group
cohesion in the foreign language classroom. Language Learning 44, 417448.
Crookes, G. and Schmidt, R. (1991) Motivation: Reopening the research agenda.
Language Learning 41, 469512.
Denzin, N.K. (1978) The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods
(2nd edn). New York: McGraw Hill.
Do¨ rnyei, Z. (1990) Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning. Language
Learning 40, 4578.
Do¨ rnyei, Z. (1994) Motivation and motivating in the foreign language classroom. The
Modern Language Journal 78, 273284.
Do¨ rnyei, Z. (1998) Motivation in second and foreign language learning. Language
Teaching 31, 117135.
Do¨ rnyei, Z. (2001) Teaching and Researching Motivation . Harlow, England: Pearson
Education.
Do¨ rnyei, Z. (2003) Attitudes, orientations, and motivations in language learning:
Advances in theory, research, and applications. Language Learning 53 (Suppl. 1),
332.
Edwards, V.K. (1986) Language in a Black Community. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Ellis, R. (2004) Individual differences in second language learning. In A. Davies and
C. Elder (eds) The Handbook of Applied Linguistics (pp. 525551). Malden, MA:
Blackwell Publishing.
Gardner, R.C. (1972) Motivational variables in second-language acquisition. In R.C.
Gardner and W.E. Lambert (eds) Attitudes and Motivation in Second-language Learning
(pp. 199216). Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.
Gardner, R.C. (1985) Social Psychology and Second language Learning: The Role of Attitudes
and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R.C. (1996) Motivation and second language acquisition: Perspectives. Journal
of the CAAL 18, 1942.
Gardner, R.C., Day, J. and MacIntyre, P.D. (1992) Integrative motivation, induced
anxiety, and language learning in a controlled environment. Studies in Second
Language Acquisition 14, 197214.
Gardner, R.C. and Lambert, W.E. (1959) Motivational variables in secondlanguage
acquisition. Canadian Journal of Psychology 13, 266272.
Gardner, R.C. and Lambert, W.E. (1972) Attitudes and Motivation in Second-language
Learning . Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Gardner, R.C. and MacIntyre, P.D. (1991) An instrumental motivation in language
study: Who says it isn’t effective. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13, 5772.
Gardner, R.C. and MacIntyre, P.D. (1993a) A student’s contributions to second language
learning. Part II: Affective variables. Language Teaching 26, 111.
Gardner, R.C. and MacIntyre, P.D. (1993b) On the measurement of affective variables in
second language learning. Language Learning 43, 157194.
Gardner, R.C. and Smythe, P.C. (1981) On the development of the attitude/motivation
test battery. Canadian Modern Language Review 37, 510525.
Graham, S. (1994) Classroom motivation from an attributional perspective. In H.F.
O’Neil Jr. and M. Drillings (eds) Motivation: Theory and Research (pp. 3148).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Graham, S. (2004) Giving up on modern foreign languages? Students’ perceptions of
learning French. The Modern Language Journal 88, 171191.
Hammersley, M. and Atkinson, P. (1995) Ethnography: Principles in Practice . London:
Routledge.
IDP Education Australia (2004) On WWWat http://www.idp.com. Accessed 12.10.04.
Jin, L. (1992) Academic cultural expectations and second language use: Chinese
postgraduate students in the UK A cultural synergy model. PhD thesis, University
of Leicester.
Jin, L. and Cortazzi, M. (1996) ‘This way is very different from Chinese ways’: EAP
needs and academic culture. Review of ELT 6, 205216.
Kondo, K. (1998) Motivating bilingual and semibilingual university students of
Japanese. SLRF (Second Language Research Forum) Conference, University of
Hawai’i at Manoa.
Larsen, K., Martin, J.P. and Morris, R. (2002) Trade in Educational Services: Trends and
Emerging Issues . OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Working Paper.
Li, D. (2001) Motivation, learner strategies, and social networks in second language
acquisition in Chinese research students. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of
Reading.
Locke, E.A. and Latham, G.P. (1994) Goal setting theory. In H.F. O’Neil Jr. and M.
Drillings (eds) Motivation: Theory and Research (pp. 1330). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates.
MacIntyre, P.D. (2002) Motivation, anxiety and emotion in second language acquisition.
In P. Robinson (ed.) Individual Differences and Instructed Language Learning (pp.
4568). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Masgoret, A-M. and Gardner, R.C. (2003) Attitudes, motivation, and second language
learning: A meta-analysis of studies conducted by Gardner and associates. Language
Learning 53, 123163.
Milroy, L. (1987) Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Noels, K.A., Pelletier, L.G., Cle´ment, R. and Vallerand, R.J. (2003) Why are you learning
a second language? Motivational orientations and self-determination theory.
Language Learning 53 (Suppl. 1), 3364.
Oller, J.W., Jr. and Perkins, K. (1978a) Intelligence and language proficiency as sources
of variance in certain affective measures. Language Learning 28, 8597.
Oller, J.W., Jr. and Perkins, K. (1978b) A further comment on language proficiency as a
source of variance in certain affective measures. Language Learning 28, 417423.
Oxford, R.L. (ed.) (1996) Language Learning Motivation: Pathways to the New Century.
University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum
Centre.
Oxford, R.L. and Shearin, J. (1994) Language learning motivation: Expanding the
theoretical framework. The Modern Language Journal 78, 1228.
Pintrich, P.R. (1989) The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in the
college classroom. In M.L. Maehr and C. Ames (eds) Advances in Motivation and
Achievement: Motivation Enhancing Environments (pp. 117160). Greenwich, CT: JAI
Press.
Schumann, J.H. (1978) The acculturation model for second language acquisition. In R.C.
Gingras (ed.) Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching (pp. 2750).
Washington: Centre for Applied Linguistics.
Schumann, J.H. (1986) Research on the acculturation model for second language
acquisition. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 7, 379392.
Scollon, R. and Scollon, S.W. (1995) Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach.
Oxford: Blackwell.
Skehan, P. (1991) Individual differences in second language learning. Studies in Second
Language Acquisition 13, 275298.
Spolsky, B. (2000) Language motivation revisited. Applied Linguistics 21, 157169.
Tremblay, P. and Gardner, R.C. (1995) Expanding the motivation construct in language
learning. The Modern Language Journal 79, 505520.
UK Higher Education Statistics Agency (2004) On WWW at http://www.hesa.ac.uk.
Accessed 12.10.04.
Unger, J. (1989) A diary study of second language learning: Participant observation in a
residential educational setting. Pennsylvania Working Papers in Educational Linguistics
5, 5173.
Ushioda, E. (1996) Learner Autonomy (5): The Role of Motivation . Dublin: Authentik.
Weiner, B. (1989) Human Motivation . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Weiner, B. (1992) Human Motivation: Metaphors, Theories, and Research. Newbury Park:
Sage Publications.
Wen, W.P. and Cle´ment, R. (2003) A Chinese conceptualisation of willingness to
communicate in ESL. Language, Culture and Curriculum 16, 1838.
Williams, M. and Burden, R. (1997) Psychology for Language Teachers: A Social
Constructivist Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, M. and Burden, R. (1999) Students’ developing conceptions of themselves as
language learners. The Modern Language Journal 83, 193291.
Williams, M., Burden, R., Poulet, G. and Maun, I. (2004) Learners’ perceptions of their
successes and failures in foreign language learning. Language Learning Journal 30,
1929.
Zeng, J. (1996) When East meets West: Mainland Chinese students and scholars in UK
Higher Education institutions. Journal of International Education 9, 915.
Download
Download
