Patents for plants: context and current status

Downloads

Adcock, M. 2007. Intellectual property, genetically modified crops and bioethics. Biotechnol J. 2:1088-1092. Allyn, R.S. 1933. Plant patent queries. A patent attorney's views on the law. J. Hered. 24: 55-58. Alston, J.M. 2004. Horticultural biotechnology faces significant economic and market barriers. Calif. Agric. 58:80-88. Alston, J.M., Bradford, K.J. and Kalaitzandonakes, N. 2006. The economics of horticultural biotechnology. J. Crop Improvement. 18:413-431. Anon. 1900. In: W. Wilks (ed.), Hybrid Conference Report 1900. J. Royal Hort. Soc. 24. Anon. 1906. The relations between science and industry. Nature 74:386-387. Anon. 1907. “Copyright” for raisers of novelties. p. 474-475. In: W. Wilks (ed.), Report of the Third International Conference 1906 on Genetics; Hybridisation (The Cross-Breeding of Genera or Species), The Cross-Breeding of Varieties and General Plant Breeding. Royal Horticultural Society, London. Anon. 2001. Booklet of CGIAR Centre Policy Instruments, Guidelines and Statements on Genetic Resources, Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights. System-wide Genetic Resources Programme (SGRP). Rome, Italy. Barrons, K.C. 1936. A defense of basic plant patents. From the plant breeder's point of view. J. Heredity 27:475-478. Bastuck, C. 2006. ‘Biopiracy’ and Patents – Developing Countries’ fears are exaggerated. Master Thesis for LLM by coursework and dissertation in International Law. University of Capetown. 68 pp. Binenbaum, E., Nottenburg, C., Pardey, P.G., Wright, B.D. and Zambrano, P. 2003. South-North Trade, Intellectual Property Jurisdictions, and Freedom to Operate in Agricultural Research on Staple Crops. Econ. Develop. Cult. Change 51:309-335. Bradford, K.J. and Alston, J.M. 2004. Diversity of horticultural biotech crops contributes to market hurdles. Calif. Agric. 58:84-85. Bradford, K.J., Alston, J.M., Lemaux, P.G. and Sumner, D.A. 2004. Challenges and opportunities for horticultural biotechnology. Calif. Agric. 58:68-71. Brazell, L. 2000. Strategies for minimizing IP risks. Patent World 120:19-25. Brennan, M., Pray, C., Naseem, A. and Oehmke, J.F. 2005. An innovation market approach to analyzing impacts of mergers and acquisitions in the plant biotechnology industry. AgBioForum, 8:89-99. Brown, W.M. 2003. Intellectual property law: a primer for scientists. Mol. Biotechnol. 23:213-224. Brusoni, S., Criscuolo, P. and Geuna, A. 2005. The knowledge bases of the world’s largest pharmaceutical groups: what do patent citations to non-patent literature reveal? Econ. Innov. New Techn. 14:395–415. Bulut, H. and Moschini, G. 2005. Parallel Research, Multiple Intellectual Property Right Protection Instruments, and the Correlation among R&D Projects. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Working Paper 05-WP 404. 25 pp. Bulut, H. and Moschini, G. 2006. Patents, trade secrets and the correlation among R&D projects. Economics Letters 91:131–137. Cahoon, R.S. 2000. Property rights and agricultural biotechnology. p. 203-215. In: Hrazdina, G., (ed.), Use of Agriculturally Important Genes in Biotechnology. IOS Press, Amsterdam. Cantley, M. 2004. How should public policy respond to the challenges of modern biotechnology? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15:258-263. Chan, H.P. 2006. International patent behavior of nine major agricultural biotechnology firms. AgBioForum 9:59-68. Chapotin, S.M. and Wolt, J.D. 2007. Genetically modified crops for the bioeconomy: meeting public and regulatory expectations. Transgenic Res. 16:675-688. Chen, J. 2006. The parable of the seeds: interpreting the plant variety protection act in furtherance of innovation policy. Notre Dame Law Review 81: No. 4. 51 pp. Chiarolla, C. 2006. Commodifying agricultural biodiversity and development-related issues. J. World Intellect. Prop. 9:25-60. Clark, D., Klee, H. and Dandekar, A. 2004. Despite benefits, commercialization of transgenic horticultural crops lags. Calif. Agric. 58:89-98. Cook, R.C. 1931a. The first plant patent. J. Hered. 22:313-319. Cook, R.C. 1931b. Three more plant patents. J. Hered. 22:369-372. Cook, R.C. 1933. Other plant patents. J. Hered. 24:49-54. Cook, R.C. 1936. Plant patent 110 declared invalid. J. Hered. 27:394-400. Cook, R.L. 2004. Transgenic produce slow to enter evolving global marketplace. Calif. Agric. 58:82-83. Delmer, D. 2003. The congested intellectual property landscape and its effect on the use of biotechnology for the development of horticultural and subsistence crops. Acta Hort. 625:439-443. Delmer, D.P., Nottenburg, C., Graff, G.D. and Bennett, A.B. 2003. Intellectual property resources for international development in agriculture. Plant Physiol. 133:1666-1670. Dixon, G.R. and Ogier, J. 2007. Understanding and protecting horticulture's intellectual property - a review of opportunities. Acta Hort. 760:61-68. Donnenwirth, J., Grace, J. and Smith, S. 2004. Intellectual property rights, patents, plant variety protection and contracts: a perspective from the private sector. IP Strategy Today 9:19-34. Dubois, L.A.M. 2001. Intellectual property rights on plants, with special reference to vegetatively propagated ornamentals. Acta Hort. 552:207-214. Dunn, J.D. and Seiler, P.F. 2007. Trade Secrets and Non-Traditional Categories of Intellectual Property as Collateral. Presented to: UNCITRAL Second International Colloquium on Secured Transactions: Security Interests in Intellectual Property Rights. 13 pp. Dunwell, J.M. 2000. Transgenic approaches to crop improvement. J. Exp. Bot. 51 Spec No:487-496. Dunwell, J.M. 2002. Future prospects for transgenic crops. Phytochem. Rev. 1:1-12. Dunwell, J.M. 2004. Transgenic crops: the current and next generations. Methods Mol. Biol. 286:377-398. Dunwell, J.M. 2005. Review: intellectual property aspects of plant transformation. Plant Biotech. J. 3:371-384. Dunwell, J.M. 2006. Patents and transgenic plants. Acta Hort. 725:719-732. Dunwell, J.M. 2007. 100 years on: a century of genetics. Nat. Rev. Genet. 8:231-235. Dunwell, J.M. 2011. Crop biotechnology: prospects and opportunities. J. Agr. Sci. 149:17-27. Duvick, D. N. 1999. Commercial strategies for exploitation of heterosis. p. 295-304. In: J.G. Coors and S. Pandey (eds.) Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, USA. Eaton, D. 2007. Intellectual property rights in plant breeding and biotechnology: a comparative institutional analysis. Presented at:- 11th Annual Conference of the International Society for New Institutional Economics (ISNIE), Reykjavik, Iceland, 21-23 June 2007. 25 pp. Eisenberg, R.S. 2006. Biotech patents: looking backward while moving forward. Nat. Biotech. 24:317-319. Farnley, S., Morey-Nase, P. and Sternfeld, D. 2004. Biotechnology--a challenge to the patent system. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15:254-257. Fay, A.E. 1937. Are plant patents “inventions”? J. Hered. 28:261-262. Faye, D.J. 2005a. Exploitation of research tools in plant biotechnology: Access through application of the experimental use exception (Part 1). Bio-Science Law Report. 8th Feb 2005. Faye, D.J. 2005b. Exploitation of research tools in plant biotechnology: Access through application of the experimental use exception (Part 2). Bio-Science Law Report. 12th April 2005. Fleck, B. and Baldock, C. 2003. Intellectual property protection for plant-related inventions in Europe. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4:834-838. Fukuda-Parr, S. 2006. Introduction: Global actors, markets and rules driving the diffusion of genetically modified (GM) crops in developing countries. Int. J. Technol. Globalis. 2:1-11. Garrison, C. 2006. Exceptions to Patent Rights in Developing Countries. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). Issue Paper No. 17. 104 pp. Giannakas, K. 2001. The Economics of Intellectual Property Rights under Imperfect Enforcement: Developing Countries, Biotechnology, and the Trips Agreement. EPTD Discussion Paper No. 80. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, USA. Gonsalves, D. 2004. Virus-resistant transgenic papaya helps save Hawaiian industry. Calif. Agric. 58:92-93 Graff, G.D., Cullen, S.E., Bradford, K.J., Zilberman, D. and Bennett, A.B. 2003. The public-private structure of intellectual property ownership in agricultural biotechnology. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:989-995. Graff, G.D., Wright, B.D., Bennett, A.B. and Zilberman, D. 2004. Access to intellectual property is a major obstacle to developing transgenic horticultural crops. Calif. Agric. 58:120-127. Hails, R. 2004. Bioethics for technology? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 15:250-253. Hamilton, C. 2006. Biodiversity, biopiracy and benefits: what allegations of biopiracy tell us about intellectual property. Develop. World Bioethics 6:158-173. Heisey, P.W., King, J.L. and Rubenstein, K.D. 2005. Patterns of public-sector and private-sector patenting in agricultural biotechnology. AgBioForum 8:73-82. Helfer, L.R. 2004. Intellectual property rights in plant varieties. International legal regimes and policy options for national governments. FAO Legislative Study 85. 113 pp. Howlett, M.J. and Christie, A.J. 2003. An analysis of the approach of the European, Japanese and United States Patent Offices to partial DNA sequences (ESTs). Int. Rev. Indust. Prop. Copyright Law 34:581-710. Huskisson, F.M. 1996. Patents and Biotechnology, p. 313-328, - In: Owen, M.R.L. and Pen, J. (eds.), Transgenic Plants: A Production System for Industrial and Pharmaceutical Proteins. Wiley, New York. Kartal, M. 2007. Intellectual property protection in the natural product drug discovery, traditional herbal medicine and herbal medicinal products. Phytother. Res. 21:113-119. Kent J. Bradford, K.J. and Alston, J.M. 2004. Horticultural biotechnology: Challenges for commercial development. Chron. Hortic. 44:4-8. Kesselheim, A.S. and Avorn, J. 2005. University-based science and biotechnology products: defining the boundaries of intellectual property. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 293:850-854. Kevles, D.J. 2007. Patents, protections, and privileges. The establishment of intellectual property in animals and plants. ISIS 98:323–331. Koo, B., Nottenburg, C. and Pardey, P.G. 2004. Intellectual property. Plants and intellectual property: an international appraisal. Science 306:1295-1297. Kowalski, S.P. and Kryder, R.D. 2002. Golden rice: a case study in intellectual property management and international capacity building. RISK: Health Safety Environ. 13:47-67. Kryder, R.D., Kowalski, S.P. and Krattiger, A.F. 2000. The Intellectual and Technical Property Components of pro-Vitamin A Rice (GoldenRiceTM): A Preliminary Freedom-To-Operate Review. ISAAA Brief Number 20. Ithaca, New York. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Resources. Kukier, K.N. 2006. Navigating the future(s) of biotech intellectual property. Nat. Biotech. 24: 249-251. Laimer, M., Mendonca, D., Maghuly, F., Marzban, G., Leopold, S., Khan, M., Balla, I. and Katinger, H. 2005. Biotechnology of temperate fruit trees and grapevines. Acta Biochim. Polon. 52:673-678. Léger, A. 2007. The Role(s) of Intellectual Property Rights for Innovation: A Review of the Empirical Evidence and Implications for Developing Countries. Discussion papers 707. DIW Berlin. German Institute for Economic Research. 51 pp. Lence, S.H., Hayes, D.J., McCunn, A., Smith, S. and Niebur, B. 2002. Welfare Impacts of Property Rights in the Seed Industry. http://www.econ.iastate.edu/department/seminar/ispw/Sergio-Dermot-seed-paper.pdf Lence, S.H. and Hayes, D.J. 2007. Welfare Impacts of Cross-Country Spillovers in Agricultural Research. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Working Paper 07-WP 446. 27 pp. Locke, S.D. 2007. Intellectual property for the botanist and the plant breeder: an overview of protection afforded by plant patents and plant variety protection certificates. Chicago-Kent J. Intellect. Prop. 6:198-212. Louwaars, N.P., Tripp, R., Eaton, D., Henson-Apollonio, V., Hu, R., Mendoza, M., Muhhuku, F., Pal, S. and Wekundah, J. 2005. Impacts of Strengthened Intellectual Property Rights Regimes on the Plant Breeding Industry in Developing Countries: A Synthesis of Five Case Studies. Wageningen UR, The Netherlands. Mayer, J.E. 2003. Intellectual property rights and access to agbiotech by developing countries. AgBiotechNet 5 March, ABN 108. Mayer, J., Sharples, J. and Nottenburg, C. 2004. Resistance to Phosphinothricin. CAMBIA Intellectual Property, Canberra, Australia. Merrill, S.A., Levin, R.C. and Myers, M.B. 2004. A Patent System for the 21st Century. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, USA. Miki, B. and McHugh, S. 2004. Selectable marker genes in transgenic plants: applications, alternatives and biosafety. J. Biotechnol. 107:193-232. Ministry of Economic Development. 2002. New issues in patentability 1: Biotechnological patents. p. 29-40. In: Review of the Patents Act 1953: Boundaries to Patentability. Wellington, New Zealand. Morris, M., Edmeades, G. and Pehu, E. 2006. The global need for plant breeding capacity: what roles for the public and private sectors? HortSci. 41:30-39. Myskja, B.K. 2006. The moral difference between intragenic and transgenic modification of plants. J. Agric. Environ. Ethics. 19:225-238. Nottenburg, C., Pardey, P.G. and Wright, B.D. 2002. Accessing other people’s technology for non-profit research. Austral. J. Agr. Resource Econ. 48:389-416. Parayil, G. 2003. Mapping technological trajectories of the green revolution and the gene revolution from modernization to globalisation. Research Policy 32:971-990. Pardey, P.G., Wright, B.D., Nottenburg, C., Binenbaum, E. and Zambrano, P. 2003. Intellectual Property and Developing Countries: Freedom to Operate in Agricultural Biotechnology. Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Policies: Brief 3. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Washington, USA. Pardey, P.G., Koo, B. and Nottenburg, C. 2004. Creating, Protecting, and Using Crop Biotechnologies Worldwide in an Era of Intellectual Property. Department of Applied Economics College of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences. University of Minnesota. Staff Paper P04-4. 57 pp. Phillips, R.L., Chen, J., Okediji, R. and Burk, D. 2004. Intellectual property rights and the public good. The Scientist 18:8. Prakash, J. 2007. Intellectual property rights and regulatory issues related to biotechnology of tropical species in India. Acta Hort. 738:479-485. Pray, C.E. and Naseem, A. 2005. Intellectual property rights on research tools: Incentives or barriers to innovation? Case studies of rice genomics and plant transformation technologies. AgBioForum 8: 108-117. Ramanna, A. 2005. Intellectual property rights, agriculture, and rural communities. J. Agric. Saf. Health. 11:423-430. Ryder, E. J. 2005. Intellectual property rights for plants. The case for a new law. Chron. Hortic. 45: 5-11. Roa-Rodrigues, C. 2003. Promoters Used to Regulate Gene Expression. CAMBIA Intellectual Property, Canberra, Australia. Roa-Rodrigues, C. and Nottenburg, C. 2003a. Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation of Plants. CAMBIA Intellectual Property, Canberra, Australia. Roa-Rodrigues, C. and Nottenburg, C. 2003b. Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Their Uses in Genetic Transformation, Especially in Plants. CAMBIA Intellectual Property, Canberra, Australia. Salazar, R., Louwaars, N.P. and Visser, B. 2006. On Protecting Farmers’ New Varieties: New Approaches to Rights on Collective Innovations in Plant Genetic Resources. CAPRi Working Paper No. 45. IFPRI. 40 pp. Schimmelpfennig, D. and King, J. 2006. Mergers, acquisitions and flows of agbiotech intellectual property. In: R.E. Evenson and V. Santaniello (eds.), International Trade and Policies for Genetically Modified Products. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. pp. 97-109. Schrell, A., Bauser, H., Brunner, H. 2007. Biotechnology patenting policy in the European Union-as exemplified by the development in Germany. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 107:13-39. Shear, R.H. and Kelley, T.E. 2003. A researcher's guide to patents. Plant Physiol. 132:1127-1130. Shrader-Frechette, K. 2005. Property rights and genetic engineering: developing nations at risk. Sci. Eng. Ethics. 11:137-149. Singh, H. 2004. Intellectual property rights (IPR) issues in horticulture: an Indian scenario with particular reference to medicinal plants. Acta Hort. 662:465-470. Straus, J. 2007. The impact of the new world order on economic development: The role of the intellectual property rights system. Europ. Rev. 15:47–63. Summers, T.M. 2003. The scope of utility in the twenty-first century: new guidance for gene-related patents. Georgetown Law J. 91:475-509. Tokgoz, S. 2003. R&D Spillovers in Agriculture: Results from a Trade Model. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Working Paper 03-WP 344. 27 pp. Wright, B.D. 2006. Plant Genetic Engineering and Intellectual Property Protection. Agricultural Biotechnology In California Series. Publication 8186. Wright, B.D. and Pardey, P.G. 2006. The evolving rights to intellectual property protection in the agricultural biosciences. Int. J. Technol. Globalis. 2:12-29. Wright, B.D. and Pardey, P.G. 2006. Changing intellectual property regimes: implications for developing country agriculture. Int. J. Technol. Globalis. 2:93-114. Yerokhin, O. and Moschini, G. 2007. Intellectual Property Rights and Crop-Improving R&D under Adaptive Destruction. Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA. Working Paper 07-WP 449. 32 pp. Ye, X., Al-Babili, S., Kloti, A., Zhang, J., Lucca, P., Beyer, P. and Potrykus, I. 2000. Engineering the provitamin A (-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm. Science 287:303-305.