Do “central sensitisation” questionnaires reflect measures of nociceptive sensitisation or psychological constructs? A systematic review and meta-analyses

Downloads

[1] Adams GR, Gandhi W, Harrison R, van Reekum CM, Gilron I, Salomons TV. Do “central sensitization” questionnaires reflect measures of nociceptive sensitization or psychological constructs? Protocol for a systematic review. Pain Rep 2021;6:e962. [2] Allen Gomes A, Ruivo Marques D, Meia-Via AM, Meia-Via M, Tavares J, Fernandes da Silva C, Pinto de Azevedo MH. Basic Scale on Insomnia complaints and Quality of Sleep (BaSIQS): reliability, initial validity and normative scores in higher education students. Chronobiol Int 2015;32:428–440. [3] Allen RP, Kosinski M, Hill-Zabala CE, Calloway MO. Psychometric evaluation and tests of validity of the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Sleep Scale (MOS sleep). Sleep Med 2009;10:531–539. [4] Andias R, Silva AG. Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the European Portuguese Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Adolescents With Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain. Pain Pract 2020;20:480–490. [5] Arendt-Nielsen L. Central sensitization in humans: assessment and pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015;227:79–102. [6] Arendt-Nielsen L, Yarnitsky D. Experimental and clinical applications of quantitative sensory testing applied to skin, muscles and viscera. J Pain 2009;10:556–572. [7] Azimi P, Azhari S, Shahzadi S, Aghaei HN, Mohammadi HR, Montazeri A. Outcome Measure of Pain in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation: Validation Study of the Iranian version of Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. Asian Spine J 2016;10:480–487. [8] Bar-Shalita T, Cermak SA. Multi-sensory Responsiveness and Personality Traits Predict Daily Pain Sensitivity. Front Integr Neurosci 2020;13:77. [9] Bar-Shalita T, Deutsch L, Honigman L, Weissman-Fogel I. Ecological aspects of pain in sensory modulation disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2015;45–46:157–167. [10] Bar-Shalita T, Seltzer Z, Vatine J-J, Yochman A, Parush S. Development and psychometric properties of the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ). Disabil Rehabil 2009;31:189–201. [11] Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L. Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:340–348. [12] Bilika P, Neblett R, Georgoudis G, Dimitriadis Z, Fandridis E, Strimpakos N, Kapreli E. Cross-cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Pract 2020;20:188–196. [13] Bjureberg J, Ljótsson B, Tull MT, Hedman E, Sahlin H, Lundh L-G, Bjärehed J, DiLillo D, Messman-Moore T, Gumpert CH, Gratz KL. Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale: The DERS-16. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2016;38:284–296. [14] Bonicatto S, Dew MA, Soria JJ, Seghezzo ME. Validity and reliability of Symptom Checklist ’90 (SCL90) in an Argentine population sample. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1997;32:332–338. [15] Brown C, Tollefson N, Dunn W, Cromwell R, Filion D. The Adult Sensory Profile: Measuring Patterns of Sensory Processing. Am J Occup Ther Off Publ Am Occup Ther Assoc 2001;55:75–82. [16] Brummett CM, Bakshi RR, Goesling J, Leung D, Moser SE, Zollars JW, Williams DA, Clauw DJ, Hassett AL. Preliminary validation of the Michigan Body Map. Pain 2016;157:1205–1212. [17] Cathcart S, Bhullar N, Immink M, Della Vedova C, Hayball J. Pain sensitivity mediates the relationship between stress and headache intensity in chronic tension-type headache. Pain Res Manag 2012;17:377–380. [18] Caumo W, Antunes LC, Elkfury JL, Herbstrith EG, Raquel Busanello Sipmann, Souza A, Iraci Lucena da Silva Torres, Vinicius Souza dos Santos, Neblett R. The Central Sensitization Inventory validated and adapted for a Brazilian population: psychometric properties and its relationship with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. J Pain Res 2017;10:2109–2122. [19] Chiarotto A, Viti C, Sulli A, Cutolo M, Testa M, Piscitelli D. Cross-cultural adaptation and validity of the Italian version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2018;37:20–28. [20] Clark JR, Nijs J, Yeowell G, Holmes P, Goodwin PC. Trait Sensitivity, Anxiety, and Personality Are Predictive of Central Sensitization Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2019;19:800–810. [21] Clark JR, Yeowell G, Goodwin PC. Trait anxiety and sensory processing profile characteristics in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain and central sensitisation - A pilot observational study. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018;22:909–916. [22] Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, N.J: L. Erlbaum Associates, 1988. [23] Coronado RA, George SZ. The Central Sensitization Inventory and Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire: An exploration of construct validity and associations with widespread pain sensitivity among individuals with shoulder pain. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2018;36:61–67. [24] Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol 2004;43:245–265. [25] Cruz-Almeida Y, Fillingim RB. Can quantitative sensory testing move us closer to mechanism-based pain management? Pain Med Malden Mass 2014;15:61–72. [26] Curatolo M, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen-Felix S. Central Hypersensitivity in Chronic Pain: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications. Phys Med Rehabil Clin 2006;17:287–302. [27] Damien J, Colloca L, Bellei-Rodriguez C-É, Marchand S. Pain Modulation: From Conditioned Pain Modulation to Placebo and Nocebo Effects in Experimental and Clinical Pain. Int Rev Neurobiol 2018;139:255–296. [28] De Groef A, Meeus M, De Vrieze T, Vos L, Van Kampen M, Geraerts I, Devoogdt N. Unraveling Self-Reported Signs of Central Sensitization in Breast Cancer Survivors with Upper Limb Pain: Prevalence Rate and Contributing Factors. Pain Physician 2018;21:E247–E256. [29] Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. pp. 241–284. doi:10.1002/9781119536604.ch10. [30] Diatchenko L, Nackley AG, Slade GD, Fillingim RB, Maixner W. Idiopathic pain disorders--pathways of vulnerability. Pain 2006;123:226–230. [31] Dubin AE, Patapoutian A. Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway. J Clin Invest 2010;120:3760–3772. [32] Dudeney J, Law E, Meyyappan M, Palermo T, Rabbitts J. Evaluating the psychometric properties of the widespread pain index to assess pain extent in youth with painful conditions. J Pain 2018;19:S54. [33] Forstenpointner J, Ruscheweyh R, Attal N, Baron R, Bouhassira D, Enax-Krumova EK, Finnerup NB, Freynhagen R, Gierthmühlen J, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Maier C, Rice ASC, Segerdahl M, Tölle T, Treede R-D, Vollert J. No pain, still gain (of function): the relation between sensory profiles and the presence or absence of self-reported pain in a large multicenter cohort of patients with neuropathy. Pain 2021;162:718–727. [34] Franke GH, Jaeger S, Glaesmer H, Barkmann C, Petrowski K, Braehler E. Psychometric analysis of the brief symptom inventory 18 (BSI-18) in a representative German sample. BMC Med Res Methodol 2017;17:14. [35] French HP, Jong CC, McCallan M. Do features of central sensitisation exist in Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome (GTPS)? A case control study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2019;43:6–11. [36] Gacs B, Birkas B, Csatho A. Time perspectives and pain: Negative time perspective profile predicts elevated vulnerability to pain. Personal Individ Differ 2020;153:109616. [37] Gervais-Hupe J, Pollice J, Sadi J, Carlesso LC. Validity of the central sensitization inventory with measures of sensitization in people with knee osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2018;37:3125–3132. [38] Grundstroem H, Larsson B, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gerdle B, Kjolhede P. Associations between pain thresholds for heat, cold and pressure, and Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire scores in healthy women and in women with persistent pelvic pain. Eur J Pain 2019;23:1631–1639. [39] Grundstrom H, Larsson B, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gerdle B, Kjolhede P. Pain catastrophizing is associated with pain thresholds for heat, cold and pressure in women with chronic pelvic pain. Scand J Pain 2020;20:635–646. [40] Hayden JA, Côté P, Bombardier C. Evaluation of the quality of prognosis studies in systematic reviews. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:427–437. [41] Hendriks E, Voogt L, Lenoir D, Coppieters I, Ickmans K. Convergent Validity of the Central Sensitization Inventory in Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders; Associations with Quantitative Sensory Testing, Pain Intensity, Fatigue, and Psychosocial Factors. Pain Med 2020;21:3401–3412. [42] Hermesdorf M, Berger K, Baune BT, Wellmann J, Ruscheweyh R, Wersching H. Pain Sensitivity in Patients With Major Depression: Differential Effect of Pain Sensitivity Measures, Somatic Cofactors, and Disease Characteristics. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc 2016;17:606–616. [43] Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557–560. [44] von Hippel PT. The heterogeneity statistic I2 can be biased in small meta-analyses. BMC Med Res Methodol 2015;15:35. [45] Honigman L, Yarnitsky D, Sprecher E, Weissman-Fogel I. Psychophysical testing of spatial and temporal dimensions of endogenous analgesia: Conditioned pain modulation and offset analgesia. Exp Brain Res 2013;228:493–501. [46] Huang A, Katz J, Clarke H. Ensuring safe prescribing of controlled substances for pain following surgery by developing a transitional pain service. Pain Manag 2015;5:97–105. [47] IASP Terminology - IASP. n.d. Available: https://www.iasp-pain.org/Education/content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698. Accessed 2 Aug 2019. [48] Imai R, Imaoka M, Nakao H, Hida M, Tazaki F, Omizu T, Ishigaki T, Nakamura M. Association between chronic pain and pre-frailty in Japanese community-dwelling older adults: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2020;15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236111. [49] Jakubczyk A, Wiśniewski P, Trucco EM, Kobyliński P, Zaorska J, Skrzeszewski J, Suszek H, Wojnar M, Kopera M. The synergistic effect between interoceptive accuracy and alcohol use disorder status on pain sensitivity. Addict Behav 2021;112:106607. [50] Johnson BN, Lumley MA, Cheavens JS, McKernan LC. Exploring the links among borderline personality disorder symptoms, trauma, and pain in patients with chronic pain disorders. J Psychosom Res 2020. [51] Khera T, Rangasamy V. Cognition and Pain: A Review. Front Psychol 2021;12. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.673962. Accessed 2 Feb 2022. [52] Kim H-J, Ruscheweyh R, Yeo J-H, Cho H-G, Yi J-M, Chang B-S, Lee C-K, Yeom JS. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validity of the Korean version of the pain sensitivity questionnaire in chronic pain patients. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2014;14:745–751. [53] Kim Y-K, Yun P-Y, Kim J-H, Lee J-Y, Lee W. The quantitative sensory testing is an efficient objective method for assessment of nerve injury. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg 2015;37:13. [54] Knezevic A, Neblett R, Colovic P, Jeremic-Knezevic M, Bugarski-Ignjatovic V, Klasnja A, Pantelinac S, Pjevic M. Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Serbian Version of the Central Sensitization Inventory. Pain Pract 2020;20:724–736. [55] Kohl A, Rief W, Glombiewski JA. Do fibromyalgia patients benefit from cognitive restructuring and acceptance? An experimental study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2014;45:467–474. [56] Koo BS, Jung MJ, Lee JH, Jin HC, Lee JS, Kim YI. Pilot Study of the Correlation between the Numeric Rating Scale used to Evaluate “Geop” and Questionnaires on Pain Perception. Korean J Pain 2015;28:32–38. [57] Kopera M, Trucco EM, Suszek H, Kobylinski P, Wisniewski P, Wojnar M, Jakubczyk A. Pain Sensitivity, Negative Affect, and Alcohol Use Disorder Status: A Moderated Mediation Study of Emotion Dysregulation. J Clin Med 2021;10:1321. [58] Kregel J, Schumacher C, Dolphens M, Malfliet A, Goubert D, Lenoir D, Cagnie B, Meeus M, Coppieters I. Convergent Validity of the Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory: Associations with Psychophysical Pain Measures, Quality of Life, Disability, and Pain Cognitions in Patients with Chronic Spinal Pain. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2018;18:777–787. [59] Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med 2002;64:258–266. [60] Kuperman P, Granovsky Y, Bahouth H, Fadel S, Ben Lulu H, Bosak N, Buxbaum C, Sprecher E, Crystal S, Granot M. Explaining very early acute mild traumatic brain injury after motor vehicle collision pain variability: additive value of pain sensitivity questionnaire. PAIN Rep 2020;5:e821. [61] Kuperman P, Granovsky Y, Granot M, Bahouth H, Fadel S, Hyams G, Ben Lulu H, Aspis O, Salame R, Begal J, Hochstein D, Grunner S, Honigman L, Reshef M, Sprecher E, Bosak N, Sterling M, Yarnitsky D. Psychophysic-psychological dichotomy in very early acute mTBI pain: A prospective study. Neurology 2018;91:e931–e938. [62] La Touche R, Paris-Alemany A, Hidalgo-Pérez A, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I, Angulo-Diaz-Parreño S, Muñoz-García D. Evidence for Central Sensitization in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2018;18:388–409. [63] Lacourt TE, Houtveen JH, van Doornen LJP. Experimental pressure-pain assessments: Test-retest reliability, convergence and dimensionality. Scand J Pain 2012;3:31–37. [64] Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central Sensitization: A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc 2009;10:895–926. [65] Lautenbacher S, Krieg JC. Pain perception in psychiatric disorders: a review of the literature. J Psychiatr Res 1994;28:109–122. [66] Le Bars D, Dickenson AH, Besson JM. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain 1979;6:283–304. [67] Lee D. The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). J Affect Disord 2019;259:136–142. [68] Lee E-H. Review of the Psychometric Evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Asian Nurs Res 2012;6:121–127. [69] Li J, Simone DA, Larson AA. Windup leads to characteristics of central sensitization. Pain 1999;79:75–82. [70] Lluch E, Duenas L, Falla D, Baert I, Meeus M, Sanchez-Frutos J, Nijs J. Preoperative pain neuroscience education combined with knee joint mobilization for knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. J Pain 2018;34:44–52. [71] Maier W, Buller R, Philipp M, Heuser I. The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders. J Affect Disord 1988;14:61–68. [72] Mailloux C, Beaulieu L-D, Wideman TH, Massé-Alarie H. Within-session test-retest reliability of pressure pain threshold and mechanical temporal summation in healthy subjects. PLOS ONE 2021;16:e0245278. [73] Mansiz-Kaplan B, Ayhan FF, Cagli M, Atik F, Ece I. A preliminary study of the child abuse and central sensitization in adolescent patients with chronic non-organic chest pain and an overlooked condition: juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome. Pediatr Rheumatol 2020;18:28. [74] Mayer TG, Neblett R, Cohen H, Howard KJ, Choi YH, Williams MJ, Perez Y, Gatchel RJ. The development and psychometric validation of the central sensitization inventory. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2012;12:276–285. [75] McCracken LM, Zayfert C, Gross RT. The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale: development and validation of a scale to measure fear of pain. Pain 1992;50:67–73. [76] McIntyre MH, 23andMe Research Team, Kless A, Hein P, Field M, Tung JY. Validity of the cold pressor test and pain sensitivity questionnaire via online self-administration. PLoS One 2020;15. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231697. [77] McKernan LC, Finn MTM, Carr ER. Personality and Affect When the Central Nervous System is Sensitized: An Analysis of Central Sensitization Syndromes in a Substance Use Disorder Population. Psychodyn Psychiatry 2017;45:385–409. [78] Meeker TJ, Schmid A-C, Liu Y, Keaser ML, Dorsey SG, Seminowicz DA, Greenspan JD. During capsaicin-induced central sensitization, brush allodynia is associated with baseline warmth sensitivity, whereas mechanical hyperalgesia is associated with painful mechanical sensibility, anxiety and somatization. Eur J Pain n.d. [79] Meeus M, Nijs J. Central sensitization: a biopsychosocial explanation for chronic widespread pain in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2007;26:465–473. [80] Melotti R, Ruscheweyh R, Pramstaller PP, Hicks AA, Pattaro C. Structural Consistency of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in the Cooperative Health Research In South Tyrol (CHRIS) Population-Based Study. J Pain 2018;19:1424–1434. [81] Metzger RL. A reliability and validity study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. J Clin Psychol 1976;32:276–278. [82] Mibu A, Nishigami T, Tanaka K, Manfuku M, Yono S. Difference in the impact of central sensitization on pain-related symptoms between patients with chronic low back pain and knee osteoarthritis. J Pain Res 2019;12:1757–1765. [83] Midenfjord I, Grinsvall C, Koj P, Carnerup I, Tornblom H, Simren M. Central sensitization and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome, chronic pain syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil n.d.:e14156. [84] Miki T, Nishigami T, Takebayashi T, Yamauchi T. Association between central sensitivity syndrome and psychological factors in people with presurgical low back pain: A cross-sectional study. J Orthop Sci Off J Jpn Orthop Assoc 2020. [85] Mikkonen J, Luomajoki H, Airaksinen O, Neblett R, Selander T, Leinonen V. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Finnish version of the central sensitization inventory and its relationship with dizziness and postural control. BMC Neurol 2021;21:141. [86] Moore RL, Clifford AM, Moloney N, Doody C, Smart KM, O’Leary H. The Relationship Between Clinical and Quantitative Measures of Pain Sensitization in Knee Osteoarthritis. Clin J Pain 2020;36:336–343. [87] Morin CM, Belleville G, Bélanger L, Ivers H. The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometric Indicators to Detect Insomnia Cases and Evaluate Treatment Response. Sleep 2011;34:601–608. [88] Neblett R. The central sensitization inventory: A user’s manual. J Appl Biobehav Res 2018;23:e12123. [89] Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Cohen H, Mayer TG, Williams M, Choi Y, Gatchel RJ. Ability of the Central Sensitization Inventory to Identify Central Sensitivity Syndromes in an Outpatient Chronic Pain Sample. Clin J Pain 2015;31:323–332. [90] Neblett R, Hartzell MM, Williams M, Bevers KR, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ. Use of the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) as a treatment outcome measure for patients with chronic spinal pain disorder in a functional restoration program. Spine J 2017;17:1819–1829. [91] Nguy V, Barry BK, Moloney N, Hassett LM, Canning CG, Lewis SJG, Allen NE. The Associations Between Physical Activity, Sleep, and Mood with Pain in People with Parkinson’s Disease: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study. J Park Dis 2020;10:1161–1170. [92] van der Noord R, Paap D, van Wilgen CP. Convergent validity and clinically relevant categories for the Dutch Central Sensitization Inventory in patients with chronic pain. J Appl Biobehav Res 2018;23:e12119. [93] Ohara PT, Vit J-P, Jasmin L. Cortical modulation of pain. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 2005;62:44–52. [94] Osman A, Barrios FX, Kopper BA, Hauptmann W, Jones J, O’Neill E. Factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale. J Behav Med 1997;20:589–605. [95] Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. The BMJ 2021;372:n71. [96] Polli A, Ghosh M, Bakusic J, Ickmans K, Monteyne D, Velkeniers B, Bekaert B, Godderis L, Nijs J. DNA Methylation and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Account for Symptoms and Widespread Hyperalgesia in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Comorbid Fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020;72:1936–1944. [97] Poutanen O, Koivisto A-M, Kääriä S, Salokangas RKR. The validity of the Depression Scale (DEPS) to assess the severity of depression in primary care patients. Fam Pract 2010;27:527–534. [98] Proença JDS, Baad-Hansen L, Braido GV do V, Mercante FG, Campi LB, Gonçalves DA de G. Lack of correlation between central sensitization inventory and psychophysical measures of central sensitization in individuals with painful temporomandibular disorder. Arch Oral Biol 2021;124:105063. [99] Quan X, Fong DYT, Leung AYM, Liao Q, Ruscheweyh R, Chau PH. Validation of the Mandarin Chinese Version of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2018;18:180–193. [100] Quesada C, Kostenko A, Ho I, Leone C, Nochi Z, Stouffs A, Wittayer M, Caspani O, Brix Finnerup N, Mouraux A, Pickering G, Tracey I, Truini A, Treede R-D, Garcia-Larrea L. Human surrogate models of central sensitization: A critical review and practical guide. Eur J Pain Lond Engl 2021;25:1389–1428. [101] Radloff LS. The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977;1:385–401. [102] Ramanaiah NV, Franzen M, Schill T. A psychometric study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. J Pers Assess 1983;47:531–535. [103] Rehberg B, Mathivon S, Combescure C, Mercier Y, Savoldelli GL. Prediction of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Breast Cancer Surgery Using the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire: A Cohort Study. Clin J Pain 2017;33:57–66. [104] Rolke R, Magerl W, Campbell KA, Schalber C, Caspari S, Birklein F, Treede R-D. Quantitative sensory testing: a comprehensive protocol for clinical trials. Eur J Pain Lond Engl 2006;10:77–88. [105] Roussel NA, Nijs J, Meeus M, Mylius V, Fayt C, Oostendorp R. Central sensitization and altered central pain processing in chronic low back pain: fact or myth? Clin J Pain 2013;29:625–638. [106] Ruscheweyh R, Dany K, Marziniak M, Gralow I. Basal Pain Sensitivity does not Predict the Outcome of Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Treatment. Pain Med Malden Mass 2015;16:1635–1642. [107] Ruscheweyh R, Marziniak M, Stumpenhorst F, Reinholz J, Knecht S. Pain sensitivity can be assessed by self-rating: Development and validation of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. Pain 2009;146:65–74. [108] Ruscheweyh R, Verneuer B, Dany K, Marziniak M, Wolowski A, Colak-Ekici R, Schulte TL, Bullmann V, Grewe S, Gralow I, Evers S, Knecht S. Validation of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in chronic pain patients. Pain 2012;153:1210–1218. [109] Ruscheweyh R, Wersching H, Kugel H, Sundermann B, Teuber A. Gray matter correlates of pressure pain thresholds and self-rated pain sensitivity: A voxel-based morphometry study. Pain 2018;159:1359–1365. [110] Sanchis MN, Lluch E, Nijs J, Struyf F, Kangasperko M. The role of central sensitization in shoulder pain: A systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2015;44:710–716. [111] Sanders B, Becker-Lausen E. The measurement of psychological maltreatment: Early data on the child abuse and trauma scale. Child Abuse Negl 1995;19:315–323. [112] Schemer L, Korfer K, Glombiewski JA. Evaluation of exposure instructions to pain: Should therapist focus on fear reduction or expectation violation? Cogn Ther Res 2020;44:697–708. [113] Schmidt FL, Hunter JE. Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. 1 Oliver’s Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Ltd, 2015 doi:10.4135/9781483398105. [114] Schotte CKW, Maes M, Cluydts R, De Doncker D, Cosyns P. Construct validity of the Beck Depression Inventory in a depressive population. J Affect Disord 1997;46:115–125. [115] Schuttert I, Timmerman H, Petersen KK, McPhee ME, Arendt-Nielsen L, Reneman MF, Wolff AP. The Definition, Assessment, and Prevalence of (Human Assumed) Central Sensitisation in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021;10:5931. [116] Sharma S, Jha J, Pathak A, Neblett R. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and measurement properties of the Nepali version of the central sensitization inventory (CSI). BMC Neurol 2020;20:1–10. [117] Shigetoh H, Koga M, Tanaka Y, Morioka S. Central Sensitivity Is Associated with Poor Recovery of Pain: Prediction, Cluster, and Decision Tree Analyses. Pain Res Manag 2020;2020:8844219. [118] Shigetoh H, Tanaka Y, Koga M, Osumi M, Morioka S. The Mediating Effect of Central Sensitization on the Relation between Pain Intensity and Psychological Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study with Mediation Analysis. Pain Res Manag 2019;2019:3916135. [119] Shulman J, Zurakowski D, Keysor J, Jervis K, Sethna NF. Offset analgesia identifies impaired endogenous pain modulation in pediatric chronic pain disorders. Pain 2020;161:2852–2859. [120] Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med 2008;15:194–200. [121] Starkweather AR, Heineman A, Storey S, Rubia G, Lyon DE, Greenspan J, Dorsey SG. Methods to measure peripheral and central sensitization using quantitative sensory testing: A focus on individuals with low back pain. Appl Nurs Res 2016;29:237–241. [122] StatsDirect Statistal Analysis Software. n.d. Available: https://www.statsdirect.co.uk/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. [123] Staud R, Robinson ME, Price DD. Temporal summation of second pain and its maintenance are useful for characterizing widespread central sensitization of fibromyalgia patients. J Pain 2007;8:893–901. [124] Steel PD, Kammeyer-Mueller JD. Comparing meta-analytic moderator estimation techniques under realistic conditions. J Appl Psychol 2002;87:96–111. [125] Terluin B, van Marwijk HW, Adèr HJ, de Vet HC, Penninx BW, Hermens ML, van Boeijen CA, van Balkom AJ, van der Klink JJ, Stalman WA. The Four-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ): a validation study of a multidimensional self-report questionnaire to assess distress, depression, anxiety and somatization. BMC Psychiatry 2006;6:34. [126] Tkachuk GA, Harris CA. Psychometric Properties of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 (TSK-11). J Pain 2012;13:970–977. [127] Treede R-D. The role of quantitative sensory testing in the prediction of chronic pain. Pain 2019;160 Suppl 1:S66–S69. [128] Valeberg BT, Pedersen LM, Girotto V, Christensen VL, Stubhaug A. Validation of the Norwegian Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire. J Pain Res 2017;10:1137–1142. [129] Van Boekel RLM, Timmerman H, Bronkhorst EM, Ruscheweyh R, Vissers KCP, Steegers MAH. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire in Dutch Healthy Volunteers. Pain Res Manag 2020;2020:1050935. [130] Vanegas H, Vazquez E, Tortorici V. NSAIDs, Opioids, Cannabinoids and the Control of Pain by the Central Nervous System. Pharmaceuticals 2010;3:1335–1347. [131] Verberne WR, Snijders TJ, Liem KS, Baakman AC, Veldhuijzen DS. [Applications of ’quantitative sensory testing’]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2013;157:A5434. [132] Verbrugghe J, Agten A, Stevens S, Eijnde BO, Vandenabeele F, Roussel N, De Baets L, Timmermans A. Disability, kinesiophobia, perceived stress, and pain are not associated with trunk muscle strength or aerobic capacity in chronic nonspecific low back pain. Phys Ther Sport 2020;43:77–83. [133] Wachtel S, Vocks S, Edel M-A, Nyhuis P, Willutzki U, Teismann T. Validation and psychometric properties of the German Capability for Suicide Questionnaire. Compr Psychiatry 2014;55:1292–1302. [134] Walankar PP, Panhale VP, Patil MM. Psychosocial factors, disability and quality of life in chronic shoulder pain patients with central sensitization. Health Psychol Res 2020;8. doi:10.4081/hpr.2020.8874. [135] Weaver KR, Griffioen MA, Klinedinst NJ, Galik E, Duarte AC, Colloca L, Resnick B, Dorsey SG, Renn CL. Quantitative Sensory Testing Across Chronic Pain Conditions and Use in Special Populations. Front Pain Res 2022;2. Available: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpain.2021.779068. Accessed 23 Jun 2022. [136] van Wilgen CP, Vuijk PJ, Kregel J, Voogt L, Meeus M, Descheemaeker F, Keizer D, Nijs J. Psychological Distress and Widespread Pain Contribute to the Variance of the Central Sensitization Inventory: A Cross-Sectional Study in Patients with Chronic Pain. Pain Pract Off J World Inst Pain 2018;18:239–246. [137] Williams DA. Phenotypic Features of Central Sensitization. J Appl Biobehav Res 2018;23:e12135. [138] Wolmeister AS, Schiavo CL, Nazário KCK, Castro SM de J, de Souza A, Caetani RP, Caumo W, Stefani LC. The Brief Measure of Emotional Preoperative Stress (B-MEPS) as a new predictive tool for postoperative pain: A prospective observational cohort study. PloS One 2020;15:e0227441. [139] Woolf CJ. Evidence for a central component of post-injury pain hypersensitivity. Nature 1983;306:686–688. [140] Woolf CJ, King AE. Dynamic alterations in the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 1990;10:2717–2726. [141] Yarnitsky D, Granot M, Granovsky Y. Pain modulation profile and pain therapy: Between pro- and antinociception. Pain 2013;155. [142] Ye Q, Li X, Peng W. Individual Variation in Pain Sensitivity and Implicit Negative Bias Toward Pain. Psychosom Med 2020;82:796–804. [143] Yunus MB. Central sensitivity syndromes: a new paradigm and group nosology for fibromyalgia and overlapping conditions, and the related issue of disease versus illness. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008;37:339–352. [144] Yunus MB. Role of central sensitization in symptoms beyond muscle pain, and the evaluation of a patient with widespread pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:481–497. [145] Zaorska J, Kopera M, Trucco EM, Suszek H, Kobylinski P, Jakubczyk A. Childhood Trauma, Emotion Regulation, and Pain in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:554150. [146] Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–370.